memorizar Key Terms and issues unidad 1

ANALYTIC LANGUAGE [blank_start]Also[blank_end] [blank_start]known[blank_end] [blank_start]as[blank_end] "isolating" languages. [blank_start]Analytic[blank_end] [blank_start]languages[blank_end] are those in which words [blank_start]tend[blank_end] to be one [blank_start]syllable[blank_end] or [blank_start]morpheme[blank_end] long with [blank_start]no[blank_end] [blank_start]affixes[blank_end] such as Chinese, Burmese or Vietnamese. • The [blank_start]function[blank_end] of [blank_start]words[blank_end] is shown primarily by [blank_start]word[blank_end] order.

BLACK ENGLISH VERNACULAR [blank_start]Also[blank_end] [blank_start]known[blank_end] as [blank_start]Ebonics[blank_end], [blank_start]African[blank_end]-[blank_start]American[blank_end] [blank_start]vernacular[blank_end] [blank_start]English[blank_end] or Black English. It is the [blank_start]non[blank_end]-[blank_start]standard[blank_end] variety of English spoken by the [blank_start]lower[blank_end] [blank_start]class[blank_end] African-Americans in US urban communities. • It is [blank_start]characterized[blank_end] by [blank_start]lack[blank_end] of [blank_start]copula[blank_end], double [blank_start]negation[blank_end] and lack of [blank_start]desinence[blank_end] in the 3rd person single/present tense.

[blank_start]Borrowing[blank_end] [blank_start]Words[blank_end] or [blank_start]phrases[blank_end] that have [blank_start]spread[blank_end] from one language to another. [blank_start]There[blank_end] are various [blank_start]reasons[blank_end] for borrowing to [blank_start]occur[blank_end]: • [blank_start]Close[blank_end] contact between two or more languages. • [blank_start]Dominance[blank_end] of one language over another. • [blank_start]Inability[blank_end] to [blank_start]coin[blank_end] new [blank_start]terms[blank_end] [blank_start]brought[blank_end] [blank_start]upon[blank_end] by technological advances (computers, Internet). • [blank_start]Prestige[blank_end] [blank_start]associated[blank_end] with [blank_start]words[blank_end] or [blank_start]expressions[blank_end] [blank_start]coming[blank_end] [blank_start]from[blank_end] other languages (Latin or French).

[blank_start]Communicative[blank_end] competence [blank_start]Term[blank_end] first introduced by the anthropological linguist Dell Hymes referring to the speaker´s knowledge about how to use language properly in society. [blank_start]This[blank_end] [blank_start]knowledge[blank_end] allows the speaker to be [blank_start]sensitive[blank_end] to some [blank_start]determining[blank_end] factors such as: • the [blank_start]context[blank_end], the [blank_start]type[blank_end] of [blank_start]interlocutor[blank_end], and the [blank_start]register[blank_end] for example, • [blank_start]since[blank_end] there are [blank_start]rules[blank_end] and [blank_start]norms[blank_end] for using [blank_start]language[blank_end] in [blank_start]social[blank_end] situations in different [blank_start]cultures[blank_end].

[blank_start]Dialect[blank_end] It is a [blank_start]variety[blank_end] of language spoken in a certain [blank_start]geographical[blank_end] area, and it is [blank_start]characterized[blank_end] by: • different [blank_start]vocabulary[blank_end], [blank_start]pronunciation[blank_end], [blank_start]syntactic[blank_end] and [blank_start]intonation[blank_end] [blank_start]patterns[blank_end]. [blank_start]Nowadays[blank_end], dialect [blank_start]variation[blank_end] is slowly [blank_start]disappearing[blank_end], [blank_start]mainly[blank_end] [blank_start]due[blank_end] to the [blank_start]homogenizing[blank_end] effect of the [blank_start]media[blank_end].

The [blank_start]study[blank_end] of [blank_start]dialects[blank_end]. There is a certain [blank_start]degree[blank_end] of [blank_start]controversy[blank_end] when [blank_start]it[blank_end] [blank_start]comes[blank_end] [blank_start]to[blank_end] defining "dialect".

Discourse analysis It [blank_start]studies[blank_end] the different [blank_start]functions[blank_end] of language in [blank_start]social[blank_end] interaction. Its [blank_start]field[blank_end] of [blank_start]research[blank_end] is the [blank_start]analysis[blank_end] of [blank_start]linguistic[blank_end] units above the [blank_start]sentence[blank_end] [blank_start]level[blank_end], Like texts or conversations. [blank_start]TOPICS[blank_end] of discourse analysis [blank_start]include[blank_end]: ○ [blank_start]GENRES[blank_end] of DISCOURSE (various [blank_start]types[blank_end] of discourse in politics, media, education, science, business, etc.) ○ The [blank_start]relations[blank_end] between : [blank_start]TEXT[blank_end] and CONTEXT. Discourse and [blank_start]power[blank_end]. Discourse and [blank_start]interaction[blank_end]. Discourse and [blank_start]cognition[blank_end] and [blank_start]memory[blank_end].

DOMAIN The [blank_start]combination[blank_end] of [blank_start]social[blank_end] and [blank_start]situational[blank_end] [blank_start]factors[blank_end] that [blank_start]influence[blank_end] the [blank_start]choice[blank_end] of code by speakers: [blank_start]code[blank_end], [blank_start]dialect[blank_end], [blank_start]location[blank_end], register, style, topic, etc. The [blank_start]language[blank_end] used at [blank_start]home[blank_end] in a casual conversation with friends and family will definitely be [blank_start]different[blank_end] from the [blank_start]language[blank_end] used at [blank_start]work[blank_end] during a business meeting. • The [blank_start]speaker[blank_end] will use different [blank_start]styles[blank_end]: a more [blank_start]informal[blank_end] one at home and a [blank_start]formal[blank_end] one at work.

Informant An informant is [blank_start]anyone[blank_end] who [blank_start]provides[blank_end] [blank_start]information[blank_end] to be [blank_start]analised[blank_end] in [blank_start]empirical[blank_end] research. An informant is a source of [blank_start]DATA[blank_end] for the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end].

Language attrition The [blank_start]gradual[blank_end] loss of a language. It can [blank_start]refer[blank_end] to: • [blank_start]Forgetting[blank_end] a second language [blank_start]acquired[blank_end] but not [blank_start]used[blank_end] because it isn´t the language of the [blank_start]community[blank_end] (this usually happens to 2nd or 3rd generation [blank_start]immigrants[blank_end]) • The loss of a second language [blank_start]learnt[blank_end] [blank_start]through[blank_end] formal [blank_start]education[blank_end] but gradually [blank_start]forgotten[blank_end] due to lack of [blank_start]use[blank_end].

Macro-sociolinguistics A [blank_start]branch[blank_end] of sociolinguistics, also [blank_start]referred[blank_end] [blank_start]to[blank_end] as [blank_start]sociology[blank_end] of language. Macro-sociolinguistics [blank_start]study[blank_end] the [blank_start]relationship[blank_end] between [blank_start]sociological[blank_end] factors and [blank_start]language[blank_end] such as language [blank_start]choice[blank_end], language [blank_start]planning[blank_end], language [blank_start]shift[blank_end] and multilingualism.

Micro-sociolinguistics This [blank_start]term[blank_end] refers to the [blank_start]study[blank_end] of the [blank_start]specific[blank_end] differences (pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary) [blank_start]within[blank_end] a [blank_start]single[blank_end] speech community or within the members of a [blank_start]group[blank_end] within a speech community that may [blank_start]help[blank_end] to [blank_start]determine[blank_end] [blank_start]educational[blank_end] background, [blank_start]economic[blank_end] status and [blank_start]social[blank_end] class. It is used in [blank_start]opposition[blank_end] to macro-sociolinguistics which refers to [blank_start]larger[blank_end] scale studies.

Native speaker A person who has [blank_start]spoken[blank_end] a language since early [blank_start]childhood[blank_end]. This term is rather [blank_start]controversial[blank_end] in linguistics because it [blank_start]assumes[blank_end] the existence of a speaker that can be [blank_start]appealed[blank_end] in questions of [blank_start]correct[blank_end] usage because s/he is [blank_start]reported[blank_end] to represent the [blank_start]authority[blank_end] that can determine [blank_start]correct[blank_end] or deviant usage. Native and non-native are not clear cut [blank_start]homogeneous[blank_end] [blank_start]categories[blank_end] as [blank_start]variation[blank_end] depending on individual factors ( origin, education, etc.) is [blank_start]enormous[blank_end] and all speakers are, in turn, native speakers of a given language or dialect.

Observer´s paradox Upon [blank_start]observing[blank_end] (for [blank_start]research[blank_end] purposes) a speaker or group of speakers, the [blank_start]informants[blank_end] will [blank_start]invariably[blank_end] [blank_start]change[blank_end] their [blank_start]speech[blank_end], making it "less natural": using less [blank_start]idiomatic[blank_end] expressions, pronouncing more [blank_start]carefully[blank_end], and using a [blank_start]VARIETY[blank_end] further away from the [blank_start]vernacular[blank_end].

Pragmatics It is a [blank_start]branch[blank_end] of [blank_start]linguistics[blank_end] that [blank_start]studies[blank_end] the use of language in [blank_start]communication[blank_end], i.e., the [blank_start]relationships[blank_end] between [blank_start]utterances[blank_end] and the [blank_start]contexts[blank_end] and [blank_start]situations[blank_end] in which they are [blank_start]used[blank_end]. Within pragmatics, [blank_start]discourse[blank_end] [blank_start]analysis[blank_end] studies language in discourse.

Proto Indo-European [blank_start]Languages[blank_end] can be classified [blank_start]genetically[blank_end]. This classification involves [blank_start]comparing[blank_end] the [blank_start]structure[blank_end] of different languages in order to show [blank_start]common[blank_end] [blank_start]parentage[blank_end]. Indo-European languages are the [blank_start]best[blank_end] [blank_start]known[blank_end] family. The major [blank_start]sub-groups[blank_end] are: • Albanian • Anatolian • Armenian • Baltic • Celtic • Hellenic • Italic • Indo-Iranian • Germanic • Slavic

Sociolinguistic interview It is a [blank_start]technique[blank_end] to [blank_start]collect[blank_end] speech [blank_start]samples[blank_end] to gather [blank_start]information[blank_end] about a given [blank_start]speaker[blank_end] or group.

Sociology of language It is a [blank_start]branch[blank_end] of sociolinguistics. It studies the [blank_start]relationship[blank_end] between [blank_start]sociological[blank_end] factors and language such as language [blank_start]choice[blank_end], language [blank_start]planning[blank_end], language [blank_start]shift[blank_end] and multilingualism.

Synchronic variation The [blank_start]way[blank_end] variation [blank_start]affects[blank_end] language at a given [blank_start]time[blank_end] in [blank_start]history[blank_end]. For instance: [blank_start]gender[blank_end], register, style, etc. [blank_start]Opposed[blank_end] to diachronic [blank_start]variation[blank_end] which looks at a language from a [blank_start]historical[blank_end] point of view and [blank_start]considers[blank_end] change [blank_start]through[blank_end] time.

Synthetic language Languages where [blank_start]words[blank_end] are made of [blank_start]multiple[blank_end] morphemes. They use a [blank_start]number[blank_end] of [blank_start]suffixes[blank_end] which [blank_start]vary[blank_end] their [blank_start]shape[blank_end] according to the [blank_start]word[blank_end] they are [blank_start]added[blank_end] to.

Variety An [blank_start]accent[blank_end], dialect, register or [blank_start]style[blank_end] different from the [blank_start]standard[blank_end] language but no so much as to be considered a [blank_start]different[blank_end] language [blank_start]altogether[blank_end]. • American English, Australian English, [blank_start]Cockney[blank_end] and Scouse are all [blank_start]varieties[blank_end] of English.

Ethnography of communication A [blank_start]branch[blank_end] of sociolinguistics that [blank_start]studies[blank_end] the [blank_start]norms[blank_end] and [blank_start]rules[blank_end] for : • using language in [blank_start]social[blank_end] situations in different [blank_start]cultures[blank_end] and also • the [blank_start]non-verbal[blank_end] aspects of [blank_start]communication[blank_end], such as [blank_start]distance[blank_end] between speaker and hearer, eye [blank_start]contact[blank_end], etc.

Issue 1 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Sociolinguistics is the [blank_start]study[blank_end] of how language [blank_start]serves[blank_end] and is [blank_start]shaped[blank_end] by the [blank_start]social[blank_end] nature of [blank_start]human[blank_end] beings. In its [blank_start]broadest[blank_end] conception , sociolinguistic [blank_start]analises[blank_end] the many and [blank_start]diverse[blank_end] ways in which [blank_start]language[blank_end] and [blank_start]society[blank_end] [blank_start]entwine[blank_end]. This vast [blank_start]field[blank_end] of [blank_start]enquiry[blank_end] [blank_start]requires[blank_end] and [blank_start]combines[blank_end] [blank_start]insights[blank_end] from a number of [blank_start]disciplines[blank_end], including [blank_start]linguistics[blank_end], sociology, [blank_start]psychology[blank_end] and anthropology. Sociolinguistics [blank_start]examines[blank_end] the [blank_start]interplay[blank_end] of language and society, with [blank_start]language[blank_end] at the [blank_start]starting[blank_end] point. [blank_start]VARIATION[blank_end] is the key concept, applied to language [blank_start]itself[blank_end] and to its [blank_start]use[blank_end]. The basic [blank_start]premise[blank_end] of sociolinguistics is that language is [blank_start]variable[blank_end] and [blank_start]changing[blank_end], not homogenous, [blank_start]neither[blank_end] for the individual [blank_start]nor[blank_end] among groups of speakers who [blank_start]use[blank_end] the [blank_start]same[blank_end] language.

Issue 2 Sociolinguistics vs. Sociology of Language Initially [blank_start]interchangeable[blank_end] terms. [blank_start]Aim[blank_end] of sociolinguistics: to [blank_start]investigate[blank_end] and [blank_start]describe[blank_end] the relationship between language and society. The [blank_start]stress[blank_end] is placed on [blank_start]language[blank_end] and its [blank_start]role[blank_end] within [blank_start]communication[blank_end]. Aim of Sociology of language: the study of [blank_start]society[blank_end] and how we can [blank_start]understand[blank_end] it through the study of [blank_start]language[blank_end]. That is, how we can understand [blank_start]sociolinguistic[blank_end] [blank_start]behaviour[blank_end] by means of the study of linguistic [blank_start]features[blank_end]. In [blank_start]Hudson´s[blank_end] words, sociolinguistics is the study of [blank_start]language[blank_end] in relation to [blank_start]society[blank_end] and Sociology of language is the study of [blank_start]society[blank_end] in relation to [blank_start]language[blank_end].

Issue 3 The origins of Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is a relatively [blank_start]new[blank_end] field. It [blank_start]began[blank_end] in the 50's and 60's, and It has [blank_start]spread[blank_end] in the last [blank_start]30[blank_end] years together with other branches of [blank_start]linguistics[blank_end] such as psycholinguistics, pragmatics and applied linguistics which, maintain an [blank_start]interest[blank_end] in the [blank_start]interdisciplinarity[blank_end] of the field and the [blank_start]contribution[blank_end] of other [blank_start]branches[blank_end]. Often considered a [blank_start]"step child "[blank_end], until it finally became a [blank_start]consolidated[blank_end] fully [blank_start]acknowledged[blank_end] field of [blank_start]research[blank_end]. In [blank_start]Europe[blank_end], sociolinguistics started with the study of [blank_start]historical[blank_end] [blank_start]linguistics[blank_end] and [blank_start]linguistic[blank_end] [blank_start]geography[blank_end], a sound [blank_start]theoretical[blank_end] background with three main fields of interest: [blank_start]dialectology[blank_end], [blank_start]regional[blank_end] [blank_start]languages[blank_end] and the [blank_start]linguistic[blank_end] situation of [blank_start]colonized[blank_end] countries. In the [blank_start]USA[blank_end], however, the study of sociolinguistics [blank_start]emerges[blank_end] from the [blank_start]contact[blank_end] of linguistics with other disciplines such as [blank_start]anthropology[blank_end] and [blank_start]sociology[blank_end].

Issue 4 Issue 4 Variation Sociolinguistics is all about [blank_start]variation[blank_end]. From a sociolinguistic point of view the most important [blank_start]source[blank_end] of information is the [blank_start]way[blank_end] social and [blank_start]situational[blank_end] factors [blank_start]affect[blank_end] language and make it [blank_start]vary[blank_end] (geographic, linguistic, gender variation). Another aspect of variation is that it has certain [blank_start]bounds[blank_end]. A speaker may vary his/her speech in some [blank_start]degree[blank_end], especially to [blank_start]adhere[blank_end] to certain social, economic, religious, etc. [blank_start]class[blank_end], but s/he cannot vary it [blank_start]beyond[blank_end] certain limits otherwise s/he would be [blank_start]ungrammatical[blank_end] and/or [blank_start]incomprehensible[blank_end]. The [blank_start]aim[blank_end] of sociolinguists is to [blank_start]describe[blank_end] the variations [blank_start]within[blank_end] a language and [blank_start]match[blank_end] these variations with the different groups of people that [blank_start]use[blank_end] them, as well as the [blank_start]corresponding[blank_end] situations. So, sociolinguistics deals especially with [blank_start]variation[blank_end], among [blank_start]groups[blank_end], among [blank_start]situations[blank_end] and among [blank_start]places[blank_end], and the task of the sociolinguist is to find regular [blank_start]patterns[blank_end] of variation in use.

Issue 5 Diachronic Variation Variation produced in languages over time is a result of their constant [blank_start]flux[blank_end], because people´s continuous use of them makes them [blank_start]change[blank_end]. Spanish, for example, was once a [blank_start]variety[blank_end] of latin but after centuries of use it [blank_start]developed[blank_end] into a new language, as it was [blank_start]widespread[blank_end] and [blank_start]standardized[blank_end]. The [blank_start]Old[blank_end] English changed in the last centuries into [blank_start]modern[blank_end] English. These [blank_start]changes[blank_end] can affect [blank_start]pronunciation[blank_end] (sound shift); [blank_start]syntactic[blank_end] structure, which affects the [blank_start]patterns[blank_end] of sentences; [blank_start]meaning[blank_end] and use. The word [blank_start]stock[blank_end] can also be [blank_start]expanded[blank_end], words can be [blank_start]borrowed[blank_end] from other languages, new words can be [blank_start]coined[blank_end] or [blank_start]invented[blank_end], new [blank_start]trems[blank_end] created...etc

Issues 6 Speech community A speech community is a [blank_start]group[blank_end] of people that [blank_start]share[blank_end] the [blank_start]same[blank_end] language or dialect in a [blank_start]specific[blank_end] setting which can be [blank_start]close[blank_end], such as a city or a neighborhood; or [blank_start]broad[blank_end], such as a whole country (no limitation of location or size). [blank_start]A[blank_end] basic [blank_start]component[blank_end] for a speech community is the factor of sharing or being able to communicate in the [blank_start]same[blank_end] language. Members of speech communities are united by a common [blank_start]end[blank_end], or because of specific [blank_start]transitory[blank_end] interests, depending on the [blank_start]situational[blank_end] context. SC do not necessarily [blank_start]correspond[blank_end] to political [blank_start]boundaries[blank_end]; they obey a number of [blank_start]shared[blank_end] social [blank_start]norms[blank_end]; they don't need to be [blank_start]monolingual[blank_end].