General Com

Flussdiagrammknoten

• General Com

• Definition

• Theories

• Types

• Models

• Defining Communication   -The value of communication is widely recognized in various fields and societies. -The primary goal of communication is understanding. -Communication is a central part of daily life and occurs with many different types of people. -Communication theory is important in understanding various aspects of communication and its effects on society. -Defining communication can be challenging due to its complexity and the various perspectives on it. -Communication can be verbal or nonverbal and can involve different channels, such as face-to-face or through media. -Communication can have both positive and negative effects on relationships and society. -The communication process involves a sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. -Communication can be influenced by various factors, such as culture, language, and social norms. -Studying communication can help individuals improve their own communication skills and understand the communication of others.

• details: “Be silent or say some- thing better than silence”— Pythagoras “Great communication begins with connection”— Oprah  

• Ethics and Communication The movie The Insider is based on a true story about a tobacco scientist, Jeffrey Wigand, who exposes a cigarette company's efforts to include addictive ingredients in all cigarettes. Wigand's actions were guided by his ethics and the belief that saving lives was the right thing to do. Ethics is a type of moral decision-making and is influenced by society's rules and laws, but it can be difficult to understand due to its flexibility and cultural influences. Ethics is relevant in all occupations and plays a role in every decision we make. It is also a part of human development and can change throughout our lives. Communication has a unique role in advancing discussions of ethics due to its concepts and principles related to ethics. Ethical issues arise in communication whenever messages have the potential to influence others. Television and the internet also have ethical implications, such as in the portrayal of violence, advertising, and privacy. The field of communication has several theories and approaches to ethics, including cultural relativism, utilitarianism, and deontology.

• Visual Literacy Theory Visual literacy is the ability to interpret and create visual messages. Visual literacy involves both comprehension and expression of visual meaning. Visual literacy promotes greater understanding and awareness of the workings of visual media. Visual literacy can be used as a tool for critical thinking and as a defense against manipulation through visual media. Visual literacy involves visualization skills, including the ability to construct and manipulate mental images. Visual literacy can promote cognitive growth and encourage new ways of thinking. Visual literacy can be developed through education and experience in visual media. Visual literacy is important in fields such as graphic design, art, photography, and film-making. Visual literacy has cultural and aesthetic elements, including the ability to understand the context and syntax of visual works and evaluate their disciplinary and aesthetic merits. Visual literacy is important for responsible citizenship and functioning in today's society.  

• Social penetration Theory Social Penetration Theory (SPT) was developed by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor to explain the process of relationship bonding and communication between individuals. SPT defines intimacy as more than just physical intimacy and includes dimensions such as emotional and intellectual intimacy and shared activities. SPT posits that relationships follow a predictable trajectory of development, including stages of superficial to more intimate communication and the possibility of depenetration and dissolution. Self-disclosure is a key aspect of the development of relationships according to SPT. SPT suggests that there are three key factors that influence the depth and rate of self-disclosure in a relationship: motivation to self-disclose, social norms, and the communication climate. The concept of social exchange is central to SPT, with relationships being seen as a balance of costs and rewards. SPT has been widely accepted in the field of communication and has been applied to a variety of relationship types, including romantic relationships, friendships, and family relationships. There are criticisms of SPT, including its focus on self-disclosure and its assumption that relationships follow a linear path of development.  

• Social Exchange Theory Social Exchange Theory (SET) is based on the idea that people evaluate their relationships in terms of the costs and rewards they provide. Costs in a relationship include negative elements such as time and effort put into the relationship, and negatives of the partner. Rewards in a relationship include positive elements such as acceptance, support, and companionship. SET suggests that people calculate the overall worth of a relationship by subtracting the costs from the rewards. Positive relationships are expected to endure, while negative relationships are likely to be terminated. There are several theories of social exchange, including the Theory of Social Exchange, the Theory of Reciprocity, the Normative Theory of Reciprocity, the Equity Theory, and the Theory of Social Comparison. SET has been applied to various types of relationships, including romantic relationships, friendships, and family relationships. There are criticisms of SET, including its focus on economic terms and its individualistic perspective. SET can be useful in understanding relationship dynamics and the decision-making process in relationships.  

• Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) is based on the idea that people adjust their communication style in order to accommodate others. Accommodation includes adjustments to speech, vocal patterns, and gestures. People may be motivated to accommodate others in order to achieve communication efficiency, evoke listener approval, or maintain a positive social identity. Accommodation can occur overtly or covertly and is often unconscious. CAT is related to Social Identity Theory, which suggests that a person's self-concept is made up of both a personal identity and a social identity. Social Identity Theory suggests that people strive to acquire or maintain positive social identity and may do so by joining a group they feel more at home in or by changing their behavior to match the group they are already in. CAT can be used to understand communication patterns and behaviors within and between different cultural groups. CAT has been applied to various areas including intercultural communication, aging, and disability. There are criticisms of CAT, including its focus on individual behavior and its lack of attention to power dynamics in communication.  

• part 1   There are two types of communication: human and animal. Human communication can be either communicative or informative. Communicative signals are intentional and carry meaning, while informative signals are not intentional but still carry meaning. The properties of human language include reflexivity, displacement, arbitrariness, productivity, cultural transmission, and duality. Reflexivity refers to humans' ability to reflect on language itself. Displacement refers to humans' ability to talk about the past, present, and future, and to talk about things that don't exist or that we can't see. Arbitrariness refers to the lack of a connection between the form (word) of a word and its meaning. There are exceptions to this, such as onomatopoeic words that imitate natural sounds. Productivity refers to humans' ability to create new vocabulary and sentences that are infinite and open-ended. Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is passed down from one generation to the next. Duality refers to the fact that language consists of both sound and meaning. Animal communication is typically limited in vocabulary and does not have the same properties as human language. Examples of animal communication include the sounds made by cats and vervet monkeys' cries of warning. Bees also have a limited form of language through dance movements and tail waggling to communicate about food sources.

• part 2   Verbal communication involves the use of spoken or written messages to convey ideas. Verbal communication can be prone to misunderstandings and can be interpreted differently from its intended meaning. Non-verbal communication is communication done without speaking or writing, and includes facial expressions, body language, gestures, and other forms of non-verbal behavior. Non-verbal communication is powerful and can help form first impressions, but it is also ambiguous and can vary across cultures. Types of non-verbal communication include kinesics (facial expressions and body language), haptics (touch language), proxemics (spatial distances between individuals), oculesics (eye gaze), chronemics (the use of time), silence, signs, and paralanguage (elements of vocal communication other than words themselves). Proxemics involves the study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations.

• Part 3   Oral communication involves communication through the mouth, such as speech, presentations, and discussions. Oral communication is recommended for temporary matters or when direct interaction is required, and it is useful for building rapport and trust. Advantages of oral communication include a high level of understanding and transparency, flexibility, spontaneous feedback, and time and effort savings. Limitations of oral communication include a lack of formality and organization, potential for misunderstanding, and the need for attentiveness from the receiver. Written communication involves the use of written messages to convey ideas. Advantages of written communication include the ability to lay down clear principles and policies, permanence, precision, and the development and enhancement of an organization's image. Disadvantages of written communication include cost, the need for good writing skills, time-consuming feedback, and the need for emails and paper work.

• Part 4 ( direction of com )   Downward communication is the flow of information from a superior to a subordinate, and it can be used for training, motivation, performance evaluation, policy and procedure explanation, and giving instructions. Upward communication is the flow of information from a subordinate to a superior, and it can be facilitated through grievance redressal procedures, open door policies, counseling and attitude questionnaires, and exit interviews. Lateral or horizontal communication is the flow of information between departments or people on the same level in an organizational structure, and it promotes understanding and coordination between departments. Diagonal or crosswise communication is the flow of information and interaction across different levels of an organization's hierarchy and across departmental lines, and it can be facilitated through general notices, informal meetings, and formal conferences.

• Shannon and Weaver’s Model Shannon and Weaver's Model of Communication presents communication as a linear process with three levels: technical problems (level A), semantic problems (level B), and effectiveness problems (level C). Level A technical problems refer to the accuracy of symbol transmission. Level B semantic problems refer to the precision of transmitted symbols in conveying meaning. Level C effectiveness problems refer to the impact of received meaning on desired conduct. The model includes a source, transmitter, channel, and receiver. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of the signal and can occur within the channel or be external to it. Shannon and Weaver's model has been criticized for its linear and process-centered nature and for not taking into account cultural factors that affect meaning. The model is intended to help improve the accuracy and efficiency of the communication process.