Leonardo da Vinci stated repeatedly that his ______________ made him a better painter.   scientific investigations

__________ quickly achieved fame for his Madonnas, which depict Mary as a beautiful young mother tenderly interacting with her son.   Raphael

Michelangelo had the _________ nude in mind when he conceived his David.   Classical

__________ plays a prominent role in sixteenth-century Venetian painting.   Color

_____________ was the most famous northern European artist of his generation and one of the greatest printmakers of any era.   Durer

The Butcher’s Stall by Pieter Aertsen is an example of the Netherlandish tendency to inject reminders about spiritual well-being into paintings of _______________.   Everyday life

Art historians typically describe 17th-century European art as _____________.   Baroque

The Roman Catholic Church launched the ___________ in response to –and as a challenge to- the Protestant Reformation.   Counter reformation

The stark contrast of ___________ is a key feature of Caravaggio’s style.   light and dark

One of the most notable features of Caravaggio’s work is how he injected _____________ into the representation of sacred subjects, reducing them to human dramas played out in the harsh and dingy settings of his time and place.   Naturalism

Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Rocks, 1483, High Italian Renaissance. 1) Commissioned by the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, a group of women who believed in the idea of the Immaculate Conception and were devoted in protecting it. They initially requested a plain triptych of Mary and Jesus, but ended up with this  2) Leonardo was one of the first artists to remove halos from religious figures 3) Tells the extrabiblical story of Jesus and John the Baptist meeting for the first time; John is praying to and is being blessed by Jesus

Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper, 1495-1498. High Italian Renaissance. 1) Leonardo used dry fresco with oil paint and egg tempera, which repelled and flaked within a year of the painting's completion (today, 90% of the piece has been retouched) 2) Became famous for the revolutionary amount of emotion placed into the scene of the last supper 3) The background includes a rare landscape, which Christian theology asserts to be heaven and that Jesus is the way

Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503-1505. High Italian Renaissance. 1) One of the first Italian portrait where the subject engages so closely with the viewer -- known for the enigmatic smile and simply houseclothes 2) Commemorates either    - the birth of a new baby after the passing of a first (indicated by Lisa's mourning veil)    - the new house the Giocondos recently bought 3) The painting was famous for being stolen from the Louvre in 1911 for two years -- when she was found, the painting was taken on a celebratory tour where people were extensively exposed to her

Raphael, Madonna in the Meadow, 1505-1506, High Italian Renaissance. 1) Conceptualized from the popularity of da Vinci's cartoon of Madonna and Child with Saint Anne and the Infant Saint John, but less avante garde 2) Portrays the apocryphal story where Jesus and St. John the Baptist meet after the flight from Egypt 3) The Tuscan landscape in the background maintains the popularity of the element while rejecting Leonardo's mysterious backgrounds

Michelangelo, Pietà, 1498-1500, High Italian Renaissance. 1) A pietà is an extrabiblical story of Mary holding dead Jesus alone. Michelangelo took this northern European concept and made it Italian by carving it out of marble instead of wood 2) The only piece of artwork Michelangelo ever signed 3) Mary is younger than she would've been in actuality as Michelangelo valued her purity; further, she is naturalized but her lower half is unproportionately large to carry Jesus

Michelangelo, David, 1501-1504, High Italian Renaissance. 1) Commissioned by the Duomo as a challenge; the block of marble that David is carved from had previously stumped two masters. Upon its unexpected completion, it was placed in city hall in spite of the Medici family, who had just been removed from Florence 2) Psychologically engages the audience by portraying the moment intense moment of buildup, right before David battles against Goliath 3) Mathematically perfect in proportions except his right hand -- enlargened to signify the hand of God, which granted him to right to kill Goliath

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, 1508-1512. High Italian Renaissance 1) Commission from Pope Julius II for the papal conclave, which serves as the Pope's private chapel and where the cardinals select the next Pope 2) Michelangelo was convinced to do this against his will for four years, as his life was threatened by Julius if he didn't agree to complete the ceiling 3) About the creation, fall, and redemption of man

Titian (and or Giorgione), Pastoral Symphony, 1508-1510. High Italian Renaissance 1) Titian finishes the figures of this painting after Giorgione's death, while also becoming the first official painter of Venice 2) A pastoral landscape that deals with themes set in a rural setting     - the two new females are juxtaposed by the two fully clothed male figures in the background    - the bodily forms were voluminous and fleshy, painted directly onto the canvas as opposed to the geometrically perfected nudes of Michelangelo 3) The best interpretation of this painting is a visual representation of a pastoral poem (meant to evoke the mood and motif of pastoral poetry)

Titian, Venus of Urbino, 1538, Late Italian Renaissance. 1) Commissioned by the Duke of Urbino as a wedding gift for his new bride 2) Was an instructional tool of eroticism, fidelity, and motherhood to the Duke's 14 year old bride, meant to hang in their wedding chamber 3) The dog in the background symbolizes fidelity and lust

Albrecht Dürer, Fall of Man (Adam and Eve), 1504, High Northern Renaissance. 1) Inspired by the Vitruvian theory of human proportions, which was based on arithmetic ratios (esp. regarding how to produce an image of the body w/ divine rational order of numbers)  2) Example of Durer's high quality prints that people of average means could buy and put on display in their homes 3) Portrays the ambiguous moment before the actual fall of man, indicated by how docile the animals are before turning on each other (conception of sin)

Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors, 1533, High Northern Renaissance. 1) The portrait is exemplary of the trend of painting learned men, hence the props and clothing that represent the active vs. contemplative and earthly vs. heavenly lives 2) painted right before King Henry VII broke apart from the Catholic church and the Pope to establish the Church of England 3) Momento mori (anamorphosis) symbolizes that death cannot be avoided regardless of education, wealth, and family -- however, one can still be saved by Jesus (shown through the small cruxifix in the upper left corner)

Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, 1505-1510. High Northern Renaissance 1) Bosch was an innovator of completely new subject matter, so much so that his work still baffles modern art historians  2) Left panel is the scene of God presenting Eve to Adam, right is hell, the center is the most enigmatic but is generally accepted as the overindulgence of earthly physical delights 2) Theorized in include a self portrait of Bosch in the form of a tree, for "Bosch" means Woodland

Bernini, David, 1623, Southern Baroque. 1) One of the first pieces to concentrate on the moment during the fight between David and Goliath (for example, Donatello's DAvid was before, Michelangelo's was after) 2) Represents the dynamism and misshapen movements characteristic of the baroque style 3) Apart from the surface-level interpretation of the David v. Goliath fight, this statue is theorized to be depicting an intense battle against the Protestants

Caravaggio, Calling of Saint Matthew, 1597-1601, Southern Baroque. 1) This was the first commissioned public work for Caravaggio (given to him through the bishop del Monte), leading to his extreme fame and popularity 2) Depicts the story of Levi being turned into Matthew when Jesus converted him and took him under his wing 3) Painted the background as a local tavern and placed the figures in common clothing/appearance to make the piece relatable to the common people (transplanting qualities from people and locations)

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1614-1620, Southern Baroque. 1) Gentileschi was a follower of Caravaggio (reflects his style in the tenebrism and transplanation of real life characters) known for depicting heroic females 2) Tells the story of the Assyrian general, Holofernes, being seduced and beheaded by Judith after invading her hometown  3) Characteristic of Baroque for its climaxed drama and intensity