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Anatomy of the heart
1. Internal features
  1. Ventricles
    1. Right
    2. Left
  2. Atria
    1. Right
    2. Left
  3. Valves
    1. Aortic
    2. Pulmonary
    3. Tricuspid
    4. Mitral
2. External features
  1. Base
    1. 2 atria mostly left
  2. Apex
    1. left ventricle
  3. Four Borders
    1. Upper
      1. 2 atria mostly left
    2. Lower
      1. 2 ventricles mostly right
    3. Left
      1. LV and left auricle
    4. Right
      1. right atrium
  4. Four surfaces
    1. Sternocostal
    2. Diaphragmatic
    3. Left
    4. Right
  5. Pericardium cavity
3. Surface Anatomy
Physiology of the heart
1. 1- Deoxygenated blood in RA
  1. 2- To RV
    1. 3- To lungs (pulmonary circulation)
      1. 4- Back to LA
        5- To LV
        6- To the aorta (systemic circulation)
2. Pathway of conduction:
  1. 1- SA node
    1. 2- AV node
      1. 3- Bundle of His
        4- The left and right bundle branches
        5- Purkinje fibers
Blood pressure
Dizziness
1. Vertigo
  1. False sense of motion / Spinning Sensation
2. Disequilibrium
  1. off-balance / wobbly sensation
3. Presyncope
  1. Feeling of losing consciousness or blacking out
4. Lightheadedness
  1. feeling disconnected with the environment
5. Causes
  1. Endocrine
  2. Cardiovascular
  3. Neurological
Chest pain
1. Heart problems
2. Lung problems
3. GI problems
Investigations
1. ECG
2. Chest X-ray
3. Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan
4. Cardiac Catheterization
Heart Sounds
1. S1
  1. Mitral and Tricuspid valve closure
2. S2
  1. Aortic and Pulmonary valve closure
3. S3
  1. Rapid inflow of blood into normal LV.
4. S4
  1. Atrial contraction to non-compliant ventricle (hypertrophy)
Murmurs
2. Early-systolic
  1. Mitral Regur.
3. Mid-systolic
4. Pansystolic
  1. Mitral and Tricuspid Regur.
5. Diastolic
  1. indicates heart disease
Rheumatic fever
2. Treatment
  1. Step 1
    1. primary prevention
  2. Step 2
    1. anti inflammatory treatment
  3. Step 3
    1. supportive management & management of complications
  4. Step 4
    1. secondary prevention (prevention of recurrent attacks)
Aortic Stenosis
1. Causes
  1. Genetics
  2. Rheumatic Fever
  3. Calcification of the valve
3. Valve Replacement
  1. Biological
  2. Mechanical
  3. Prognosis

Nächster

Faisal works in his garden

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