Faisal Works In His Garden

Anatomy of the heart
1. Heart orientation
  1. Base of the heart
    1. Directed backward and to the right
    2. Formed by the left atrium mainly, and by right atrium
    3. Formed by the left atrium mainly, and by right atrium
  2. apex of the heart
    1. Directed downwards, forwards, and to the left
    2. Formed by the left ventricle
    3. Lies opposite to the left 5th intercostal space
  3. borders of the heart
    1. upper border
      1. right and left atrium (mainly left)
    2. right border
      1. right atrium
    3. left border
      1. left ventricle and auricle
    4. lower border
      1. left ventricle (mainly) and right ventricle
  4. surfaces of the heart
    1. sternocostal surface
      1. Atrial portion
        right atrium and auricle and left atrium
      2. Ventricular portion
        2/3 right ventricle and 1/3 left ventricle
    2. diaphragmatic surface
      1. two ventricles mainly left
    3. left surface
      1. left ventricle and auricle
    4. right surface
      1. right atrium
2. Cardiac vasculature
  1. 1. Nadin M-Bassam Adi U15101378 Group: J
3. Heart surface anatomy
Demographics
1. Faisal
2. 65 year old
Cardiac Cycle
Differential Causes of Fainting and Chest Pain
1. Differential Causes of Fainting (Syncope)
2. Differential Causes of Chest Pain
Valvular heart diseases
1. Degenerative valve disease
  1. Calcific aortic stenosis
  2. Mitral valve prolapse
    1. Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve leaflets and chordae tendineae
    2. midsystolic click and heart murmur
2. Rheumatic valvular disease
  1. Acute
    1. autoimmune response to group A beta-hemolytic strep. infection
    3. Diagnosis
  2. Chronic
    1. valve scaring and stenosis
    2. thickening of chordae tendineae and cusps
3. Infective endocarditis
  2. Clinical manifestations
    1. Petechiae
    2. Splinter hemorrheage
    3. Janeway lesions
    4. Osler's nodes
    5. Roth spots
    6. Fever
    7. Anorexia
  3. Diagnosis (Duke's criteria)
    1. 2 Major, 1 Major + 3 Minor , or 5 Minor
4. Noninfective vegetations
  1. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
  2. Libman-Sacks endocrditis
5. Carcinoid heart disease
6. Prosthetic cardiac valve
  1. Bio-prosthetic valves
    1. Structural deterioration, calcification
    2. Infective endocarditis
  2. mechanical valves
    1. Thrombi
    2. Infective endocarditis
    3. Hemolysis
Investigations of Valvular diseases
1. Electrocardiography
2. Echocardiography
3. Chest X-Ray
4. Cardiac Catheterization
Psychological Factors of Heart Diseases
Heart sounds

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Faisal Works In His Garden

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