ISOMERISM

These are compounds with the same molecular formula but are arranged differently in space.
Structural Isomerism
1. Chain isomerism
  1. This is where the compounds have the same functional group but a different Carbon skeleton e.g. branches.
    1. For example, Butane and methylpropane are chain isomers.
2. Position isomerism
  1. The atoms or groups of atoms are attached to different Carbons of the Carbon skeleton.
    1. For example, 2-chloropentane and 3-chloropentane
3. Functional isomerism
  1. The same atoms are arranged into different functional group e.g. from an alkene to cycloalkane.
    1. For example, hex-1-ene and cyclohexane.
Stereoisomerism I
1. E/Z isomerism
  1. Due to restricted rotation around the double bond, the way in which the atoms are attached is important.
    1. E-isomers occur when matching/the highest Mr atoms are attached across the double bond.
    2. Z-isomers occur when matching/the highest Mr atoms are on the sqme side of the double bond.
2. Cis/trans isomerism
  1. Occurs in complex ions and organic compounds. This is where the ligands in a complex ion are arranged in a certain way.
    1. If matching ligands are right next to each other, it is cis.
    2. If they are opposite each other, then it is trans.
Stereoisomerism II
1. Optical isomerism
  1. This is when a compound can exist as 2 non-superimposable mirror images.
    1. The compounds are usually called enantiomers.
  2. This type of isomer can occur only if there is a chiral Carbon.
    1. This means a Carbon joined to four different functional groups.
      1. This can also be done with complex ions e.g. its ligands.

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ISOMERISM

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