Anna's Out Of Breath

presents with
1. Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)
  1. Definition
    1. Is the uncomfortable awareness of breathing
  2. Causes
    1. Acute (hours to days)
      1. Asthma
        RTI
        Lung tumors
        Pleural effusion
        Metabolic acidosis
    2. Sudden (Seconds to minutes)
      1. Pulmonary embolism
        Anaphylaxis
        Pneumothorax
        Chest trauma
        Aspiration
    3. Chronic (months to years)
      1. COPD
        Cardiac failure
        Fibrosing alveolitis
        Anaemia
        Cystic fibrosis
2. Wheeze, waking up at night from wheeze
  1. Causes
    1. Asthma
      1. Bronchiectasis
        Bronchiolitis
        Heart failure
        Viral infections
        Emphysema (COPD)
        Pneumonia
        Bronchitis
        Aspiration
  2. Definition
    1. A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing. It occurs when air moves through narrowed breathing tubes.
Asthma
1. Definition
  1. Chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder
    1. Characterized by
      1. Episodic reversible bronchospasm (air flow obstruction)
        resulting from
        Sn exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response to a variety of stimuli
2. Management
  1. First-line drugs in treatment of asthma
    1. Beta adrenergic agonists
    2. Corticosteroids
  2. Alternative drugs in treatment of asthma
    1. Anticholinergic drugs
      1. Anti-IgE antibodies
      2. Methyxanthines (theophylline)
        cromolyn
3. Pathophysiology
  1. Bronchoconstriction, mucus production, inflammation, etc.
    1. Increased Air way Resistance
      1. Gas topping
        Increased Alveolar-Carbon Dioxide tension
        Hypercapnia
        Decreased Alveolar-oxygen tension
        Hypoxemia
        Respiratory Failure
        Increased Work of breathing
        Hyper-extension
        Increased Oxygen consumption
        Hypoxemia
4. Include
  1. Obstructive Lung disease
    1. affects the normal
      1. Mechanism of Breathing
        Inspiratory muscle contract
        Thoracic cavity expands
        Pleural pressure becomes more negative
        Transpulmonary pressure increases
        Lungs inflate
        Alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric
        Air flows into the lungs until alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure
        Cough
    2. investigations
      1. Pulmonary Function Tests
        include
        Spirometry
        Lung Volumes
        Diffusion Capacity
  2. Bronchiectasis
  3. COPD
    1. a type of
      1. Chronic Bronchitis
        definition
        A persistent productive cough not attributable to other causes on most days for at least 3 months over 2 consecutive years.
        Types
        Simple chronic bronchitis
        Chronic mucopurulent bronchitis
        Chronic asthmatic bronchitis
        Obstructive chronic bronchitis
      2. Emphysema
        Definition
        Chronic lung disease
        characterized by
        permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles (acinus)
        accompanied by
        destruction of their walls but without obvious fibrosis
        Types
        Centriacinar
        Panacinar
        Paraseptal
        Irregular
5. Types
  1. Atopic Asthma
    1. A classic example of type I IgE–mediated hypersensitivity reaction
      1. triggered by
        environmental antigens, such as dusts, pollen, animal dander, and foods or Infection
  2. Non-atopic Asthma
    1. Respiratory infections
      1. due to
        viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus) and inhaled air pollutants
  3. Drug-induced
    1. Aspirin
  4. Occupational
    1. fumes, organic and chemical dusts, gases, and other chemicals
Her mom
1. Sylvia
  1. presented with
    1. Cold, Dysnea And Cough with yello sputum
  2. Most likely suffered from

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Anna's Out Of Breath

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	Erstellt von Menna Emam vor fast 7 Jahre