1090328
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease "COPD"
- Causes
- Smoking, Secondhand smoke, organic/inorganic dust, polution
- alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (genetic)
- Pathophysiology
- increase of airway inflammation due to increase in WBCs and remodeling
- airways are then worsened by proteases/antiproteases (protein digestion enzymes) and oxidants/antioxidants
- decrease in ciliary function
- Air comes in but cant get out causing hyperinflation
- increase in air in the lungs at the end of tidal exhalation increasing residual volume (RV) & functional residual capacity (FRC)
- pt. becomes barrel-chested and kyphotic
- decreased diaphragmic movement (excursion)
- diaphragm becomes flatter, less domed
- results in an inward motion of the lower ribs during contraction
- results in an inward motion of the lower ribs during contraction
- Accessory muscles of ventilation are recruited
- muscle hypertrophy, pursed-lip breathing, cyanosis, and clubbing
- muscle hypertrophy, pursed-lip breathing, cyanosis, and clubbing
- diaphragm becomes flatter, less domed
- decreased diaphragmic movement (excursion)
- increase in air in the lungs at the end of tidal exhalation increasing residual volume (RV) & functional residual capacity (FRC)
- capillary perfusion of O2 is decreased resulting in hypoxemia eventually causing
hypercapnea (increase of carbon dioxide in the blood)
- increase in hypoxemia results in right ventricular hypertrophy (cor pulmonale)
- heart elongation, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and
depression
- heart elongation, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and
depression
- increase in hypoxemia results in right ventricular hypertrophy (cor pulmonale)
- decrease in ciliary function
- airways are then worsened by proteases/antiproteases (protein digestion enzymes) and oxidants/antioxidants
- increase of airway inflammation due to increase in WBCs and remodeling
- alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (genetic)
- Smoking, Secondhand smoke, organic/inorganic dust, polution
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