Research Methods Week 1

Bloom's Revised Taxonomy
1. Remembering - recall, listing etc
  1. Understanding - being able to explain, summarising etc
    1. Applying - using info in another setting
      1. Analysing - exploring understanding and relationships, comparing etc
        Evaluating - justifying a decision, checking, hypothesising
        Creating - generating new ideas, designing, constructing
        Higher-order thinking
How do we know things?
1. Tenacity
  1. Belief based explanations - "everyone knows it's true" - e.g ghosts, luckiness, horoscopes
2. Authority
  1. Accepting something is true simply because someone in a position of authority says it is - e.g parents, lecturers
3. Pure Reason
  1. It is the way it is because it logically must be that way - a priori - truth arrived at by logic and reason - advantages - laws and social contracts do not stem from empirical reason - disadvantages - inability to resolve arguments when they occur
4. The Scientific Method
  1. Conclusions should be based on evidence which is empirical and objective
How is the scientific method applied?
1. Induction
  1. Evidence is gathered from multiple observations - but how can a finite number of observations guarantee what will happen in the future?
2. Falsifiability - Karl Popper
  1. For a theory to be scientific, it must be falsifiable - if evidence contradicts theory, we formulate a new one, if evidence supports it, we regard it as undefeated - but how do you determine whether a theory should be accepted as true?
    1. Bayesianism
      1. Belief comes in degrees - the likelihood of future events can be expressed on the basis of past knowledge - e.g it is likely 90% of students will pass research methods - revise probability predictions when faced with ned evidence in support or against - key principle in statistics
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
1. Theory
  1. Hypotheses
    1. Empirical tests
      1. Results
        Theory either undefeated or needs refining/abaondoning
  2. Intuition
  3. Observation
Quantitative Research
1. Measurement/quantity
  1. Numerical data
    1. Experimental Methods - e.g hypothetic deductive approach
      1. Focus on describing, predicting & identifying causes - usually large sample sizes
Qualitative Research
1. Description, often text based
  1. Not experimental - focus on underlying meaning of behaviours, small samples
Descriptive vs relational
1. Descriptive - describes behaviour or phenomena but can't make predictions or imply causality
  1. Relational - explores relationship between two or more behaviour or phenomena - able to make predictions but still not causality
Experimental research
1. Manipulation of one or more variables in order to measure the effect on another variable - determines if any differences arise as a direct result of the manipulation
  1. Causality can be inferred because we have controlled all other variables
    1. Relational - X is related to Y Experimental - X is responsible for Y
Triangulation
1. Methodological Pluralism - using multiple methods
2. Methodological Triangulation - convergence of the findings of methodologically varying studies can lend credence to theory pattern

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Research Methods Week 1

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