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Beschreibung
Mindmap von michaele.wright, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von michaele.wright
vor etwa 10 Jahre
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Patterns in Nature
- Living cells and their structure
- Cell Organelles
- Differences
between plant
and animals cells
- Plants
- Cell wall on outside of
membrane to protect and give
the cell its shape
- Have Chloroplasts present
containing green chlorophyll
pigment that absorbs light
energy (site of
photosynthesis)
- contain large vacuoles
(storage)
- Cell wall on outside of
membrane to protect and give
the cell its shape
- Plants
- Major organelles
structure and
functions
- Nucleus
- control centre of the cell
containing genetic
material (DNA)
- control centre of the cell
containing genetic
material (DNA)
- Nucleolous
(located in the
nucleus)
- site for production of RNA
"messenger chemical that
holds the instructions for
the organelles. surrounded
by a nuclear membrane
with pores allowing RNA
through
- site for production of RNA
"messenger chemical that
holds the instructions for
the organelles. surrounded
by a nuclear membrane
with pores allowing RNA
through
- Mitochondria
- site of cellular
respiration "power
stations"
converting energy
from food
(photosynthesis)
into readily usable
for of ATP (energy
molecule) -
contains folded
membranes
increasing SA
- site of cellular
respiration "power
stations"
converting energy
from food
(photosynthesis)
into readily usable
for of ATP (energy
molecule) -
contains folded
membranes
increasing SA
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- smooth
- Rough
- covered in RIBOSOMES
- Site of protein production
- Site of protein production
- covered in RIBOSOMES
- both: network of
membranes
forming channels
and
compartments in
the cytoplasm
- smooth
- Golgi Apparatus
- in charge of
packaging
chemicals into
membrane sacks
for either storage
or secretion from
the cell
- Lysosomes
- destroy/break
down any foreign
bodies in cell and
rapidly digest
dead contents
(waste desposal)
- destroy/break
down any foreign
bodies in cell and
rapidly digest
dead contents
(waste desposal)
- in charge of
packaging
chemicals into
membrane sacks
for either storage
or secretion from
the cell
- Nucleus
- Differences
between plant
and animals cells
- Cell theory
- All
living
things
are
made
up of
cells
- all cells come
from pre-existing
cells
- all cells come
from pre-existing
cells
- types of microscopes
- Light
- Electron
- Light
- History of our knowledge of cells
- Virchow and
Flemming clarified
cell division --> all
cells come from
pre-existing cells
- Robert Hooke observed a piece
of cork and noted "cell" type
compartments
- Robert Brown
discovered
structures
"organelles" in
cells, noted the
nucleus
- Virchow and
Flemming clarified
cell division --> all
cells come from
pre-existing cells
- All
living
things
are
made
up of
cells
- Cell Organelles
- chemicals move in
and out through
membranes
- Cell Chemicals
- Identifying tests
- Glucose: tested by
Benedict's solution
(yellow or orange)
- Starch: tested by Iodine
Solution (dark blue or
black)
- Protein: tested by
Biuret (Purple)
- Glucose: tested by
Benedict's solution
(yellow or orange)
- Identifying tests
- Structure of Cell Membranes
- Two layers of phospholipids.
molecules cling to each other in a
line up with hydrophilic ends on
outside, attracted to water
solution in cytoplasm.
Hydrophobic ends repelled, cling
together inside the membrane.
Other molecule in phospholipid
bi-layer; proteins, carbohydrates
serving purposes of receptors for
messenger chemicals,
identification markers identifying
own cells from foreign invaders
and helping chemicals through
the membrane.
- Two layers of phospholipids.
molecules cling to each other in a
line up with hydrophilic ends on
outside, attracted to water
solution in cytoplasm.
Hydrophobic ends repelled, cling
together inside the membrane.
Other molecule in phospholipid
bi-layer; proteins, carbohydrates
serving purposes of receptors for
messenger chemicals,
identification markers identifying
own cells from foreign invaders
and helping chemicals through
the membrane.
- Passive transport
(uses no energy ATP)
- diffusion
- movement of
molecules/ions
from an area of
high concentration
to an area of low
through
- movement of
molecules/ions
from an area of
high concentration
to an area of low
through
- Osmosis
- Diffusion of water
through a
semi-permiable
membrane from an
area of low
concentration to an
area of low
- Diffusion of water
through a
semi-permiable
membrane from an
area of low
concentration to an
area of low
- diffusion
- SA: VOL ratio
- Cell Chemicals
- Nutrition in plants and animals
- Photosynthesis
- water + carbon dioxide --> glucose + oxygen
- occurs in chlorophyll
in leave of plants,
capturing energy from
light and stores it in
high energy food
compound --> glucose
- water + carbon dioxide --> glucose + oxygen
- Cellular Respiration
- Glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
- Releases stored energy in for of ATP -->
powers all cellular and life activities
- Glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
- Structure and functions of a leaf
- Factory for photosynthesis
- Waxy cuticle layer: allows light through +
water proof preventing excess water loss
- upper epidermis layer: transparent letting in light
- Palisade layer: tightly packed under
epidermis layer absorbing maximum
light containing chloroplasts "engine
room" for photosynthesis
- Spongy layer: loosely packed cells
--> allows for gas exchange via
diffusion
- Lower epidermal layer: many openings (stomates)
allowing water to evaporate throught process of
TRANSPIRATION and carbon dioxide diffuses into
leaf and oxygen out
- Stomata (stomates)
- opening formed between
special "guard cells" that
close to minimise water
loss in dry periods and
open when right condtions
- opening formed between
special "guard cells" that
close to minimise water
loss in dry periods and
open when right condtions
- Stomata (stomates)
- Factory for photosynthesis
- Digestion in Animals
- Comparisons in
structures compared to
diet
- Carnivore: Sharp
teeth, tear at food
and swallow in
chunks --> relatively
short intestinal tract,
elastic stomach to
hold large amounts
of food
- Herbivore: flat grinding teeth,
long intestinal tract (longer
time for digestion), Bacteria
living in gut have enzymes to
digest cellulose
- Nectar Eaters: Simple
digestive tract (sugars are
simple to digest)
- Carnivore: Sharp
teeth, tear at food
and swallow in
chunks --> relatively
short intestinal tract,
elastic stomach to
hold large amounts
of food
- Comparisons in
structures compared to
diet
- Photosynthesis
- Gas exchange and
internal transport
- Gas exchange in animals
- frogs:simpler than
mammals, dont have
alveoli. Gas exchange
also happens through
their skin, mouth and
throat cavities --> are
kept moist and lined with
blood vessels.
- Mammals: (humans)
lungs contain alveoli
to increase surface
area, inside of lungs
also moist allowing
gases to dissolve
and diffuse
- insects: dont have
lungs, has holes called
spiracles allowing air to
move through network
of tubes (trachea)
infiltrating the body.
Efficient in small
animals, not in larger
ones
- Fish: gas exchange
occurs through feather like
plates consisting of
thousands of tiny filaments
each filled with blood
capillaries in which water
flows over taking in
oxygen. Blood flow in gills
is opposite than flow of
water making exchange
more efficient.
- frogs:simpler than
mammals, dont have
alveoli. Gas exchange
also happens through
their skin, mouth and
throat cavities --> are
kept moist and lined with
blood vessels.
- Circulatory systems
in animals
- open system
(insects)
- Simpler circulatory
system where the blood
doesnt always stay inside
a blood vessel and the
blood isnt forced to flow
constantly
- Simpler circulatory
system where the blood
doesnt always stay inside
a blood vessel and the
blood isnt forced to flow
constantly
- Closed (vertebrates)
- Blood is always flowing
inside a blood vessel,
pumped around by the
heart. highly efficient
keeping the blood
flowing. guaranteeing a
steady flow of nutrients,
gasses and wastes
between body cells and
the outside environment
- Blood is always flowing
inside a blood vessel,
pumped around by the
heart. highly efficient
keeping the blood
flowing. guaranteeing a
steady flow of nutrients,
gasses and wastes
between body cells and
the outside environment
- open system
(insects)
- Gas exchange and
transport in plants
- Phloem tissue
(active transport)
- tubes transporting
sugars and nutrients
from the leaves
through out the plant
to other
un-photosynthesising
parts
- tubes transporting
sugars and nutrients
from the leaves
through out the plant
to other
un-photosynthesising
parts
- Xylem Tissue
(passive transport)
- Carry water and
dissolved minerals
from roots to leaves
in an upward
movement
- Carry water and
dissolved minerals
from roots to leaves
in an upward
movement
- Phloem tissue
(active transport)
- Gas exchange in animals
- Cell division for growth and repair
- process of mitosis
- Parent cell makes a copy of
its genetic information
- chromosomes group together and
line up in middle of the cell before
separating into to identical groups
- set of chromosomes forms
new nucleus
- Cell membrane grows and divides
cell into two parts with a sharing of
cytoplasm and organelles in each
- Creates 2 daughter cells identical to the parent
- Creates 2 daughter cells identical to the parent
- Cell membrane grows and divides
cell into two parts with a sharing of
cytoplasm and organelles in each
- set of chromosomes forms
new nucleus
- chromosomes group together and
line up in middle of the cell before
separating into to identical groups
- Parent cell makes a copy of
its genetic information
- process of mitosis
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