Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Lingua Francas, Pidgins and Creoles
- Classic Multilingualism
- India, Africa, Paupa New Guinea
- Mobile, trade, migration
- Major Monolinguals
- United States, Britain, China, Japan, some Europe
- Interlanguage
- Latin
Anmerkungen:
- Used in the church, education, scholarship was centered around monastery, became also language of court
- French
Anmerkungen:
- End of renaissance, modern court Louis 14
French became language of diplomacy
Some education still in Latin, but some in french
Modern day, French is still growing because of an effort of the french, mainly in West Africa
- English
Anmerkungen:
- Contemporary interlanguage
L1 speakers of English are 1/2 the L2 speakers of English
603 Billion L2 speakers
Language of technology, tourism, higher education, medicine
- Charles giving talk in Stockholm
essentially bilingual, English was predominant in the university
Advantages: publish book only in English is ok,
But other languages are at a disadvantage
- Modern day English
Anmerkungen:
- Will English become decentralized?
Some places have different versions of English, ex Nigerian English versus Singaporean English
Might have to land on a more simplified version of English
- Circles of English
Anmerkungen:
- Inner circle: largely settled by immigration of british i.e. Canada, US, Australia
Outer circle: largely former British Empire where English is part of bilingual society i.e. India and Nigeria
Expanding Circle: Most growth in English use, no previous historical presence but has been added as a lingua franca
- Spanish
- Malay
- German
- Borrowings
- English
Anmerkungen:
- English has borrowed a lot of words from other languages but now as an interlanguage more languages are borrowing from it
French radio ads
Japlish: japanese business people adopting English words and rephonologized them
Air traffic, Sports
Lower enrollment in non-English courses
- English might have largest vocabulary in the world because of all the borrowings
- Pidgin
Anmerkungen:
- May require the presence of 3 languages, with just 2 there is merely a struggle for dominance, with 3 you must find common ground
Two non dominant language must speak to each other and to the dominant language
Mainly distributed along the equitorial belt
- Arises from multilingual context
- Simplification
Anmerkungen:
- No one's native language
- Lexifier
Anmerkungen:
- Lexifier is the language that donates most of the lexicon and determines how to categorize the language
- Atlantic Pidgins
Anmerkungen:
- Most common, came out of the slave trade
- Contact Languages
- Creole
Anmerkungen:
- 7-17 million people speak creole or pidgin
- Examples
- Cree
Anmerkungen:
- Cree population and French colonists
- Hatian Creole
Anmerkungen:
- French colonists and Hatian natives
- Tok Pisin
Anmerkungen:
- Now official language of New Guinea
Creolized in 1960's
- Diglossia
Anmerkungen:
- Both lexifier and creole are spoken in stable situation and there is a strict separation between their domain of use
- Creole Continuum
- Gradual merger
Anmerkungen:
- Different people speak different level
Usually upper class speaks the lexifier (acrolect), lower class speaks full creole (basolect) and middle class speaks in the middle
- De-creolization
Anmerkungen:
- Continuum begins to dissapear from the bottom up
Some think this is what happened with AAVE
- AAVE
Anmerkungen:
- Some say communities started out with a creole and then slowly became closer to the lexifier (English)
Others say that AAVE started out in slavery being more similar to white English because slaves were always with white people and white children learned from black caregivers
AAVE might actually be closer to originally southern US speech and white changed
- English v French Creoles
Anmerkungen:
- English creoles are not mutually intelligible, but the French ones are
- Common features
Anmerkungen:
- Diminutives, reduplicative patterns
Lack of inflection in nouns pronouns, verbs and adjectives
- Aitchison types of change
Anmerkungen:
- 1. Creole speakers talk faster, there is more assimilation and reduction
2. There is an expansion in vocabulary
3. Tense system in verbs
4. Greater sentence complexity
- Possible origins
- Bioprogram hypothesis
Anmerkungen:
- Structures in creoles are because of impoverished input pidgin lacks the complexity of a genetic language. Children then develop certain structures because of the defaults of human language without linguistic input
- Monogenisis
Anmerkungen:
- Basic syntactic template originated and different lexifiers were put as input
This is highly unlikely
- Afrogenisis
Anmerkungen:
- Written up by McWhorter, common origin would be pidgin Portuguese
Beginning of slave trade/ French and English slave forts
- Nautical Origins
Anmerkungen:
- Different nationalities on one ship, shipboard lingua franca with nautical jargon
Lingua franca carried along shipping routes, theory is unfortunate because there aren't a lot of shipping based terms in pidgins and disregards structural similarities
- Relexification
Anmerkungen:
- All European language based P and C are from Sabir
Sabir is a language used in Mediterranean in the middle ages
In 15th century the Portuguese reflexed the language, introduced Portuguese vocabulary into grammatical structure
Relexified into pidginized French English and Spanish
- Todd
Anmerkungen:
- Pidgins and creoles into family tree diagrams, originate with Sabir,
Atlantic Portuguese Pidgin and Indo Pacific Portuguese pidgin
- Issues
Anmerkungen:
- Lack usual features linguists use to compare languages
Suggests independence of lexicon and grammar, i.e. learners would learn grammar but completely replace the lexicon
- Polygenetic origin
Anmerkungen:
- Similarities of lexifiers (English, French, Portuguese etc.) all are quite similar
- Is English a genetic language
Anmerkungen:
- Germanic split off to anglo saxon peninsula and was isolated byt had contact with Celtic and Danish
Norman invasion meant overlayering of French as socially dominant
Unlikely that English is as 'genetic' as Japanese
Passed down in an unbroken line for 2000+years so English is a genetic language because it is old