13565839
Beschreibung
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Sherif et al (1954)
- ABOUT
- AIM
- To find out what factors make two groups
develop hostile relationships and then to
see how this hostility can be reduced.
- To find out what factors make two groups
develop hostile relationships and then to
see how this hostility can be reduced.
- IV
- The stage of the experiment: (1) ingroup
formation, (2) friction phase and (3)
integration phase
- The stage of the experiment: (1) ingroup
formation, (2) friction phase and (3)
integration phase
- DV
- Intergroup behaviour was measured by observing the
boys behaviour and friendship patterns and tape
recording their conversations
- Intergroup behaviour was measured by observing the
boys behaviour and friendship patterns and tape
recording their conversations
- SAMPLE
- 24 participants (11-year-old boys) who were
selected by opportunity sampling.
- 24 participants (11-year-old boys) who were
selected by opportunity sampling.
- METHOD
- Repeated measures design
- Repeated measures design
- AIM
- PROCEDURE
- The boys arrived on separate buses and
settled into their cabins on two sites.
- INGROUP FORMATION
- Each group had tasks to accomplish (eg
a treasure hunt with a $10 prize).
- During this time the boys gave their groups names and discovered the existence
of the other group; they immediately requested a baseball game against the
other group.
- During this time the boys gave their groups names and discovered the existence
of the other group; they immediately requested a baseball game against the
other group.
- Rattlers and Eagles
- Each group had tasks to accomplish (eg
a treasure hunt with a $10 prize).
- FRICTION PHASE
- Tournament between two groups,
such as tug of war, for prizes such as
trophy
- Tournament between two groups,
such as tug of war, for prizes such as
trophy
- INTEGRATION PHASE
- The boys were encouraged to work together by tasks,
such as fixing a blocked water pipe,
- The boys were encouraged to work together by tasks,
such as fixing a blocked water pipe,
- The boys arrived on separate buses and
settled into their cabins on two sites.
- RESULT
- Sherif found that the boys required little
encouragement to be competitive.
- As soon as they found out about another group in the park, they resorted
to “us-and-them” language
- As soon as they found out about another group in the park, they resorted
to “us-and-them” language
- FRICTION PHASE
- Name calling started immediately
- The Eagles burned the Rattlers’ flag and the Rattlers
retaliated by doing the same.
- When the Eagles won the tournament, the Rattlers stole their prizes
- Name calling started immediately
- INTEGRATION PHASE
- Initially there was food fights
- However, each shared task led to reduced hostility. By the
end, the Rattlers shared $5 they had won to buy soft drinks
for everyone.
- Initially there was food fights
- Sherif found that the boys required little
encouragement to be competitive.
- CONCLUSION
- Sherif regards the study as proving his hypotheses about
intergroup behaviour
- Although intergroup conflict is inevitable when competition is
present, it can be reduced.
- Although intergroup conflict is inevitable when competition is
present, it can be reduced.
- Sherif regards the study as proving his hypotheses about
intergroup behaviour
- EVALUATION
- GENERALISABILITY
- Only boys were used, so the results
may not generalise the girls or mixed
sex groups.
- The boys were supposed to be “all American” types:
white, bright and sporty. This isn't representative of
the american population
- Only boys were used, so the results
may not generalise the girls or mixed
sex groups.
- RELIABILITY
- The observers were only with the boys for 12 hours a day and
could not see or overhear everything that went on. Which
decreases reliability
- The observers were only with the boys for 12 hours a day and
could not see or overhear everything that went on. Which
decreases reliability
- APPLICATION
- The study shows how competition and frustration creates hostility
towards outgroups. In society, this suggests that discrimination and
violence could be reduced if jobs, housing, education and other
opportunities were shared more fairly between different groups
- The study shows how competition and frustration creates hostility
towards outgroups. In society, this suggests that discrimination and
violence could be reduced if jobs, housing, education and other
opportunities were shared more fairly between different groups
- VALIDITY
- The study has ecological validity, because these were real
boys at a real summer camp, doing real activities.
- The study has ecological validity, because these were real
boys at a real summer camp, doing real activities.
- ETHICS
- The boys did not give valid consent to be in this study and do
not seem to have been debriefed afterwards – they never
realised they were being experimented on.
- The boys did not give valid consent to be in this study and do
not seem to have been debriefed afterwards – they never
realised they were being experimented on.
- GENERALISABILITY
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