Key Individuals

Women (Crimean war)
1. Florence Nightingale
  1. She was from an upper-class family who was against her career
  2. She was a self-taught nurse
  3. She was expected to marry
  4. She supervised nurses during the war
  5. She worked in military hospitals, she cleaned hospitals and had government funding during the war
  6. She returned as a national heroine who improved hygiene and wrote a handbook for nurses
2. Mary Seacole
  1. Her mother was a doctressIn Jamaica
  2. She was mixed race
  3. She was a 'hands-on' nurse with her approach
  4. She created a - hotel - rest home for wounded soldiers
  5. She was self-financing when working in war
  6. Mary Seacole was not recognised for her work
  7. She left a legacy that all people can contribute to medicine
The Renaissance
1. Vesalius
  1. Dissected humans rather than animals
  2. Proved that Galen was wrong, with over 200 corrections to Galen's anatomy (including the lower jaw doesn't have 2 bones and that the liver has two not five lobes
  3. Worked with skilled artists to accurately document the anatomy
  4. In 1543, he published 'On the fabric of the human body' where he included the anatomical sketches
  5. Still didn't know the cause of illness
2. Pare
  1. French army surgeon for 20 years and experimented on wounded soldiers
  2. He ran out of hot oil for sealing wounds so he instead used an old Roman ointment consisting of rose oil, egg yolk and turpantine
  3. Pare used ligatures (as an alternative to cauterising) wounds which has a higher success rate
  4. He was a surgeon for French Kings and published 'Notes on surgery' in 1564
  5. Had limited impact on British medicine as only the rich could afford medical care and only trained doctors knew about him
  6. Bezoar stone isn't a treatment for poison
3. Harvey
  1. Doctor for King James I and King Charles I, because of this he was in a strong position to influence medicine in Britain
  2. He proved veins had valves and that the heart pumped blood
  3. Proved that the liver didn't produce blood and questioned bleeding
  4. Published 'On the Motion of the Heart' in 1628
  5. Dissected on live cold blooded animals and dead humans
  6. Rejected by conservatives who supported Galen and people who could not see capillaries until 60 years later
Fighting Disease
1. Koch
  1. He stained individual germs that identified disease
  2. Identified causes for Tuberculosis 1882, Cholera 1883, Tetanus 1884, Pneumonia 1886, Meningitis 1886, Plague 1894 and Dysentery 1898
  3. He reduced effects of Diptheria
2. Jenner
  1. Vaccinated people from smallpox with cowpox
  2. Eradicated smallpox
  3. In 1883 all children within 4 months of birth were given mandatory, government vaccinations but in 1887 parents could refuse
  4. Remained the only smallpox vaccination until the 1880s
3. Chain and Florey
  1. They were two Oxford Chemists who read Fleming's work
  2. In 1940 they turned their lab into a growing chamber and conducted their first human trials
  3. They went to the USA after the Pearl Harbour attacks and they agreed to produce penicillin
  4. Chain stabilised penicillin as a liquid
4. Fleming
  1. He was a bacteriologist that was trying to discover how to kill staphylococci with bacteria when penicillium mould floated in after leaving his window open in 1928
  2. In 1929 he used the juice of the mould to cure his colleague of conjunctivitus
  3. He discovered the antibiotic qualities of penicillin
5. Pasteur
  1. Discovered that germs caused disease
  2. Published 'Germ theory' in 1861
  3. Vaccines for Cholera and Rabies in 1879 and 1872
  4. Suggested that germs caused decay rather than decay causing bacteria to form
  5. He proved his theory in 1864 through a series of experiments, disproving others
  6. Created vaccines for chicken cholera 1879, Anthrax 1881 and Rabies 1882
6. Hunter
  1. Admitted to the Company of Surgeons in 1768 and trained hundreds
  2. Experimented on himself, illegally bought bodies and 3000 animals
  3. In 1771 and 1768 he published 'Natural history of teeth' and 'On veneral disease' which was translated into 7 languages
  4. Spread discoveries of Cancer, nature of disease, infections and blood circulation
19th Century
1. Chadwick
  1. Research the living conditions and health of the poor in towns
  2. Published his findings in 'Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population'
  3. Linked poverty and poor living conditions with ill-health
2. Lister
  1. He was a Hungarian doctor
  2. In 1847 he noticed that more women were dieing after labour when their baby was delivered by a medical student
  3. He told people to wash their hands with chlorine
  4. He started using carbolic acid from 1865 onwards
  5. He began to publish his knowledge in 1867 and other surgeons used his methods
  6. The death rate from amputation fell from 50% to 15%
  7. People now knew that unsterile material caused infection i.e. dirty clothes
  8. An organic compound extracted from coal tar could be used as an antiseptic
3. Bazalgette
  1. He assessed London's sewers
  2. He designed underground sewers
  3. His plans were accepted in 1858 during the Great Stink
  4. He designed pumps and reservoirs to ensure that sewage would be pumped while the tide was going in
  5. It cost £3 million
4. Simpson
  1. He was a Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh University
  2. Wanted to find a better anaesthetic than Ether, commonly used in 1846, as it irritated the lungs
  3. In 1847 he realised that chloroform had no negative side effects and started using it in operations
  4. Not fully excepted until it was used by Queen Victoria during childbirth in 1853
  5. Stopped being used by some in 1870 as it didn't stop blood loss and led to more infections
5. Snow
  1. In 1854 he was appointed to assess the Cholera outbreak in Broadstreet, Soho
  2. He was a physician who discovered the disease was linked to contaminated water, going against scientific knowledge of the time
  3. He went to a factory were 12 workers had died but when going to a brewery no one was infected after only drinking beer or from the factory's well
  4. The death toll was 616 in 8 days
6. Farr
  1. Introduced compulsory registration of births, marriages and deaths
  2. Made the government more aware of public health issues

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