B4- Bioenergetics

Structure of leaves
1. Plant cells
  1. Cell wall
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Ribosome
  4. Nucleus
  5. Vacuole
  6. Cytoplasm
  7. Mitochondria
  8. Chloroplast
2. Stoma
3. Leaf adaptions
  1. Stomata
    1. Allows gases to move in and out of leaf
  2. Xylem
    1. Special tissues
      1. Transport water around plant
        Can contain dissolved minerals
  3. Phloem
    1. Specialist tissues
      1. Carry sugars around plant
  4. Big surface area on some cells
    1. For gas exchange
  5. Mesophyl tissue
    1. Palisade layer
    2. Spongy layer
Photosynthesis
1. When plants use light to make glucose
  1. Some of glucose uses straight away
    1. If glucose isn’t used it is stored by plant as starch
      1. Starch
        Large insoluble molecule
2. Photosynthesis cells
  1. Chloroplasts
    1. Chlorophyll
3. 6CO2+6H20->602+C6H12O6
  1. Carbon dioxide+Water->Oxygen+Glucose
Limiting Factors
1. Anything that stops photosynthesis from happening as fast as it can
2. Can be one or more limiting factors
3. Removing a limiting factor will increase the rate of photosynthesis
4. Light intensity
5. Temperature
6. Carbon Dioxide Levels
7. Usually represented by graphs
Uses of glucose
1. Glucose
  1. A sugar which is made form photosynthesis
  2. Needed for respiration and provides plant with energy
  3. How do plants store glucose?
    1. Starch
      1. Insoluble
      2. Turned back into glucose when needed
      3. If glucose not used straight away, it is converted into starch to be stored
      4. Stored in every cell in the plant
      5. In leaves, it is stored in chloroplasts
2. Respiration
  1. C6H12O6+602->6CO2+6H2O
    1. Glucose+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water
3. Growth and repair
  1. Make larger molecules
4. Cellulose
  1. Strengthen cell walls
5. Amino acids
  1. Building blocks of proteins
    1. Made by combining sugars with nitrate ions and other minerals from soil
6. Fats and oils
  1. Can strengthen plant cells
Aerobic respiration
1. Respiration
  1. Chemical process
  2. Happens on a cellular level
  3. Controlled by enzymes
  4. Releases energy
  5. Exothermic
2. Breathing
  1. Ventilating your lungs
    1. Getting gases in and out of your body
3. Where does it occur?
  1. Mitochondria
    1. More active the cell, more mitochondria there are
    2. Found in nearly every animal and plant cell
    3. Shape
      1. Providers a large surface area
        To maximise respiration which occurs in each cell
Anaerobic respiration
1. Glucose->Lactic Acid
2. Happens when there is not enough oxygen
3. Produces lactic acid
  1. Not a very efficient way of using glucose
  2. Lactic acid
    1. Can damage our bodies if allowed to build up
    2. Can remove it from our bodies by reacting it with oxygen
      1. Lactic acid+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water
4. Oxygen debt
  1. Amount of oxygen needed to get rid of lactic acid
5. Fermentation
  1. How plants anaerobically respire
  2. Convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide
    1. Glucose->ethanol+carbon dioxide
      1. C6H12O6->2C2H5OH+2CO2
Effects of exercise
1. Heart muscle can adapt quickly to increase supply of oxygen to muscles
2. Body stores excess glucose as glycogen until needed
4. Muscles
  1. Cause movements
  2. Muscle fibres
    1. Need a lot of energy
      1. To have lots of mitochondria
    2. Work together to form muscles
5. During exercise
  1. Heart rate increases
    1. Arteries to your muscles dilate
  2. Breathing rate increases
    1. Increases rate of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal
Metabolism
1. Sum of all of reactions in a cell or the body
  1. Controlled by enzymes
2. Need energy to happen

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B4- Bioenergetics

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