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Mindmap von cmharrisuk, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Unit 1: Particles and purification
- Describe solids, liquids and
gases in terms of the
kinetic particle theory
- Solid
- arrangement: fixed pattern
movement: only vibrate
proximity: close together
- arrangement: fixed pattern
movement: only vibrate
proximity: close together
- Liquid
- arrangement: random - no fixed pattern
movement: slide past each other
proximity: close together
- arrangement: random - no fixed pattern
movement: slide past each other
proximity: close together
- Gas
- arrangement: random
movement: move
everywhere rapidly
proximity: far apart
- arrangement: random
movement: move
everywhere rapidly
proximity: far apart
- Solid
- Describe change of
state in terms of the
kinetic particle theory
- During a change of state, energy is
absorbed (if melting or boiling -
breaking inter-molecular bonds), or
released (if condensing or freezing
- binding inter-molecular bonds)
- During a change of state, energy is
absorbed (if melting or boiling -
breaking inter-molecular bonds), or
released (if condensing or freezing
- binding inter-molecular bonds)
- Describe and
explain diffusion
- Diffusion is the random
movement of particles in
solutions or gases leading to
complete mixing of the particles
- from an area of high
concentration to areas
of less concentration
- Diffusion is the random
movement of particles in
solutions or gases leading to
complete mixing of the particles
- Describe how rate of
diffusion depends on
molecular mass
- the speed of diffusion
depends on how
heavy the molecules
of the substance are
- the greater the relative
molecular mass, the
heavier the molcule
- the speed of diffusion
depends on how
heavy the molecules
of the substance are
- Name apparatus for
measuring mass,
time, temperature
and volume
- Mass
- measured in kg
(in chemistry:
grams)
- measured using a
(top pan) balance
- measured in kg
(in chemistry:
grams)
- Time
- measured using
a stopwatch
- measured using
a stopwatch
- Temperature
- measured in degrees C
- measured using a
thermometer
- measured in degrees C
- Volume
- Volumes of liquids
- measuring cylinder
- volumetric flask
- volumetric pipette - more accurate
- burette - more accurate
- measuring cylinder
- Volumes of gases
- gas syringe
- displacement of water
- gas syringe
- Volumes of liquids
- Mass
- Describe paper
chromatography and
interpret
chromatograms
- Paper chromatography is
the separation of a mixture
of substances using filter
paper amd a solvent
- Paper chromatography is
the separation of a mixture
of substances using filter
paper amd a solvent
- Calculate Rf values
from chromatograms
- Rf value = distance from base line to the centre of the spot /
distance of solvent front from the base line
- Rf value = distance from base line to the centre of the spot /
distance of solvent front from the base line
- Understand the use
of locating agents in
chromatography
- Locating agents are used to make
colouless compounds visible on a
chromatogram. Once chromatography
has been carried out, mark a line near
the top of the paper to show where the
solvent has reached - this is the solvent
front. The chromatography paper is then
dried and sprayed with a chemical (a
locating agent) which reacts with the
chemicals in the colourless spot and a
coloured compound is formed.
- Locating agents are used to make
colouless compounds visible on a
chromatogram. Once chromatography
has been carried out, mark a line near
the top of the paper to show where the
solvent has reached - this is the solvent
front. The chromatography paper is then
dried and sprayed with a chemical (a
locating agent) which reacts with the
chemicals in the colourless spot and a
coloured compound is formed.
- Identify and assess
the purity of
substances from
melting and boiling
point data
- e.g. Pure water boils at 100 degrees C exactly.
Impure water boils above 100 degrees C
depending on the concentration of the
dissolved salt (impurity)
- A pure substance melts and boils at a definite temperature.
An impure substance melts and boils over a range of
temperatures.
- e.g. Pure water boils at 100 degrees C exactly.
Impure water boils above 100 degrees C
depending on the concentration of the
dissolved salt (impurity)
- Understand the
importance of
purity in medicines
and foodstuffs
- Because we take medicines and
foodstuffs into our bodies, they
must be pure, otherwise, if there
are any unwanted substances
(impurities), they may have
harmful effects on health
- Because we take medicines and
foodstuffs into our bodies, they
must be pure, otherwise, if there
are any unwanted substances
(impurities), they may have
harmful effects on health
- Describe methods of
purification using
solvents or by filtration
or crystallisation
- Filtration
- Decanting
- pouring off the solution
- pouring off the solution
- Centrifugation
- A centrifuge is a machine
which spins test tubes round at
very high speeds. The spinning
pulls the solid to the bottom of
the test tube. Then decant the
liquid from the solid.
- A centrifuge is a machine
which spins test tubes round at
very high speeds. The spinning
pulls the solid to the bottom of
the test tube. Then decant the
liquid from the solid.
- Crystallisation
- Solution is heated in an
evaporating basin. The
solvent evaporates until
crystals start to form at
the bottom.
- Solution is heated in an
evaporating basin. The
solvent evaporates until
crystals start to form at
the bottom.
- Solvent extraction
- Filtration
- Understand the use of
simple distillation and
fractional distillation
- Simple distillation is used
to separate water from a
dissolved salt. Distillation
is a combination of 2
processes: evaporation
and condensation.
- Simple distillation can
be used to get drinking
water from salt water on
a large scale.
- Simple distillation can
be used to get drinking
water from salt water on
a large scale.
- Fractional distillation is
used to separate a mixture
of liquids with different
boiling points - to separate
more volatile liquids from
less volatile liquids.
- Fractional distillation is
very important for the
separation of petroleum
fractions and separating
ethanol from water.
- Fractional distillation is
very important for the
separation of petroleum
fractions and separating
ethanol from water.
- Simple distillation is used
to separate water from a
dissolved salt. Distillation
is a combination of 2
processes: evaporation
and condensation.
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