Acute Inflammation & Immune Response

Innate Immune Response
1. Recruitment of immune cells
  1. to infection sites
    1. chemokines
    2. cytokines
2. Activation of complement cascade
  1. identify bacteria
  2. activate cells
  3. promote clearance
3. identify/remove foreign substance
4. Immediate
6. Innate Defenses
  1. Anatomic Barriers
  2. Physiological Barriers
  3. Phagocytic Cells
  4. Inflammation
Acquired Immune Response
1. Recognition of specific antigens
2. specific responses maximized
  1. eliminate specfic
    1. pathogens
    2. infected cells
3. Development of immunological memory
4. Slow response (3-5 days)
5. Share signal molecules
  1. Depend largely on WBC activity
6. 4 main characteristics
  1. Specificity
  2. diversity
  3. self/non-self recognition
  4. immunologic memory
Acute
1. immediate response
  1. to tissue injury
2. Symptoms
  1. Rubor (redness)
    1. Vasodilation of blood vessels
  2. Tumor (swelling)
    1. Increased permeability of capillaries
    2. Clotting in interstitial spaces
    3. migration of phagocytic cells
  3. Calore (tissue heating)
    1. Vasodilation
  4. Dolore (pain)
    1. release of kinins
      1. from blood clotting cascade
Leukocytes
1. Granulocytes
  1. Neutrophils
    1. Extravasation
      1. Rolling
        Activation
        Adhesion
        Locomotion
        Protusion
        Transmigration
        migrate to area of inflammation
        penetrate endothelial layer
        bind to vascular endothelium
    2. Actions
      1. Phagocytosis
      2. Respiratory burst
        rapid release of reactive O and N
      3. secrete chemical mediators
        cytokines
        IL-8
        attracts other neutrophils
        MIP-1a
        attracts monocytes
    3. first to arrive
  2. Eosinophils
    1. respond to chemoattractants
    2. small phagocytic capability
    3. attach to & destroy parasites
  3. Basophils
    1. induced to release
      1. heparin, histamine, bradykinin, serotonin
    2. large role in allergic reactions
2. Agranulocytes
  1. Monocytes
    1. 5-6 hrs after neutrophil arrival
      1. tissue macrophages
        maturation
        swelling of cells
        formation of lysosomes
        in large quantities
        Macrophages
        Phagocytosis
        engulf more than neutrophils
        remain longer
        Secretion of chemical mediators
        IL-1
        IL-6
        tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
        Role as antigen presenting cells (APCs)
        direct connection b/w
        innate
        acquired
  2. Lymphocytes
    1. T cells
    2. B cells
    3. Acquired Immunity
Non -specific Chemical Defences
1. histamine
  1. speeds release of agents
  2. initiates inflammatory response
2. Cytokines
  1. signalling molecules
    1. cell communication
  2. interleukins
    1. involved in regulation of immune system
      1. cell mediated immunity
  3. inteferons
    1. cell-signalling protein
    2. anti-viral agents
3. Complement system
  1. biochemical cascade
    1. speeds up phagocytosis
  2. kills bacteria via lysis
Termination
1. why?
  1. physiological changes
    1. detrimental to tissue function
2. how?
  1. chemical mediators
    1. provide system checks & balances
      1. ensure localized effects
  2. production of substances
    1. limits inflammatory response
Assays
1. In Vitro
  1. leukocyte assay
    1. test cell activation
      1. use neutrophils/ macrophages
    2. cell adhesion & spreading
    3. cell death
    4. cell migration
    5. cytokine release
    6. cell surface marker expression
      1. flow cytometry
2. Others
  1. response of endothelial cells
    1. testing for up-regulation
      1. cell surface receptors
        analysed using FACS/FC
  2. model systems for tissue engineering constructs
    1. monitor pdtn of cytokines via ELISA

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Acute Inflammation & Immune Response

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Medienanhänge

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