Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Biological molecules
- inorganic ions
- Mg 2+
- important part of
chlorophyll therefore
essential for
photosynthesis, plants
without enough
magnesium in their soil
cannot produce
chlorophyll and turn
yellow (chlorosis) and
growth can stunt,
mammals need
magnesium for their
bones
- Fe 2+
- important part of
haemoglobin which
transports oxygen in
red blood cells, lack
of iron in diet leads
to anaemia
- Ca 2+
- important structural
component of bones
and teeth in
mammals and is a
component of plant
cell walls
- PO4 3-
- used in making
nucleotides such as ATP
and the DNA bases A,
C, G, T and U, also a
part of phospholipids
which are present in
the membranes of cells
- water
- properties
- boils at 100
°C
- Freezes at
0°C
- expands
when frozen
- moves
based on
water
potential
- high latent
heat of
vaporization
- high specific
heat capacity
- significance
- product of
aerobic
respiration
- product of
condensation
reactions
- condensation reactions
are reactions that form
polymers and water as
a product
- reactant in
photosynthesis
- reactant
in
hydolysis
- hydrolysis is
the
breakdown
of a
compound
when
reacted with
water
- necessary for
regulating
metabolism
- provides
support
(turgidity)
and
buoyancy
- Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- triose
- contains 3
carbons
- only 3 possible trioses
L/D-Glyceraldehyde
(enantiomers/optical
isomers) and
Dihydroxyacetone
(symmetrical so has no
enantiomers)
- dihydroxyactone
is a component
of a molecule
important in
cellular
respiration
- trioses
intermediate
in reactions of
respiration and
photosynthesis
- pentose
- 5
carbons
- 2 groups, aldopentoses
with an aldehyde
group (O=C-H) and
ketopentoses with a
keytone functional
group (O=C)
- examples of
aldopentoses are
the deoxyribose
part of DNA and
the ribose part of
RNA, ketopentoses
are much rarer
- hexose
- Has 6
carbons
- 2 groups,
aldohexoses
(e.g glucose)
and
ketohexoses
(e.g fructose)
- the only naturally
occurring
ketohexoses are
fructose, psicose,
sorbose and
tagatose
- monosaccharides can act as: a source
of energy in respiration,
carbon-carbon bonds are broken to
release energy which is transferred to
make ATP building blocks for larger
molecules, e.g glucose is used to
make loads of molecules including
starch, glycogen and cellulose
intermediaries in reactions (see
triose) parts/constituents of
nucleotides (see pentose)
- disaccharides
- sucrose
- glucose+fructose
- important in
transport in
phloem of
flowering plants
- can be
hydrolysed
to separate
it's glucose
and fructose
- lactose
- glucose+galactose
- found in
mamailian
milk
- can be
hydrolysed
to separate
it's glucose
and
galactose
- maltose
- glucose+glucose
- important in
germinating
seeds
- the glucose
molecules can
be separated by
hydrolysis
- composed of two
monosaccharides units
bonded by a glycosidic bond
(and removal of water) this
can be reversed by hydrolysis
- polysaccharides
- starch
- made of alpha glucose
monomers bonded by
glycosidic bonds
- used by plants to
store glucose, starch
is used because it is
insoluble so has no
effect on the water
potential of the cell,
starch also can't
diffuse out of the cell
- found in high
concentration in
seeds and
storage organs
like potato
tubers
- the alpha glucose is
bonded in 2 different
ways, as amylopectin and
amylose. Amylose is an
unbranded chain of 1,4
bonded monomers that
coil into a helix,
amylopectin is like
amylose but has some 1,6
bonds on it's monomers
that cause it to have
other 1,4 bonded chains
branching off it
- glycogen
- main storage
product in
animals
- very similar
to
amylopectin
in starch
however it
has shorter
alpha-1,4
linked
chains so is
more
branched
- cellulose
- found in plant cell
walls which makes it
the most abundant
organic molecule on
earth
- consists of many long chains of beta
glucose monomers bonded by 1,4
glycosidic bonds this bond rotates
the adjacent monomers 180 degrees
allowing it to form hydrogen bonds
between adjacent parralel chains,
between 60 and 70 cellulose
molecules to form microfibrils, these
microfibrils are in turn held in
bundles called fibres, these fibres
are freely permeable and run
parralel in cell wall layers but at
angles to adjacent layers
- chitin
- found in the
exoskeleton
of insects
and in
fungal cell
walls
- resembles cellulose with
chains of beta-1,4 linked
monomers but has a group
derived from amino acids
to form a
heteropolysaccharide
- can form
microfibrils
exactly like
cellulose
- lipids
- triglycerides
- triglycerides are formed by the
combination of one glycerol
molecule and three molecules
of fatty acid, the glycerol
molecule is always the same
however the fatty acid
molecules can vary, the fatty
acids join to the glycerol
molecule by condensation
reactions, in this reaction three
molecules of water are
removed and ester bonds
(O=C) are formed between the
glycerol and the fatty acids
(this is a reversible reaction
and can be reversed by
hydrolysis)
- make up energy
reserves in both
plants and animals,
thermal insulation
under animal skin,
protects vital organs
in animals e.g kidneys
produce lots of
metabolic water
(water released during
chemical reactions in
the body) when
oxidized
- phospholipids
- phospholipids are two fatty
acid tails bonded to a
phosphate head, the
phosphate head is
hydrophilic and the fatty acid
tails are hydrophobic, this is
because the phosphate head
has oxygen molecules
whereas the fatty acid tails
have no oxygen molecules,
this mix of polarities allows
phospholipids to form the
phospholipid bilayer that
makes up cell membranes
- effects of
fats on
human
health
- saturated
- If a fat is
saturated then
it has only
single
carbon-carbon
bonds, it
solidifies readily
and is likely a
solid fat at
room
temperature
- If someone has a diet high in
saturated fats low density
lipoproteins (LDL's) build up
and cause harm. Fatty
material called atheroma gets
deposited in the coronary
arteries, restricting blood flow
and thus restricting oxygen
delivery to the heart. results
in cardiovascular and
coronary heart disease,
causing medical conditions
such as angina and
myocardial infarction (heart
attack)
- unsaturated
- If a fat is unsaturated
that means that a
carbon-carbon double
bond is present so the
chain forms a kink, the
chains cannot arrange
uniformly and the lipid
doesn't solidify readily.
this is why
unsaturated lipids are
oils which remain
liquid at room
temperature
- If a diet is high in
unsaturated fats the
body makes more high
density lipoproteins
(HDL's) which carries
harmful saturated fats to
the liver for disposal the
higher the ratio of
HDL:LDL the lower the
chances of developing
cardiovascular and
coronary heart disease.
- properties
- like carbohydrates,
lipids contain carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen
but, in proportion to
the hydrogen and
oxygen , they contain
much less oxygen. They
are non polar but
dissolve in inorganic
solvents like
propanone and
alcohols
- properties of
fats and oils
are
determined
by the fatty
acid tails
present
- waxes
- waxes are lipids that
melt above about
45°C. They ave a
waterproofing role in
both animals (insect
exoskeleton) and
plants (in the cuticle of
a leaf)
- amino acids/proteins
- protein structure
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quarternary
- fibrous
- globular
- amino acids
- R group
- This is a
carboxyl
group
- This
is an amino
group
- List of all
amino acids