Principles of Marine Biology

1. oxygen since 2.5 by
2. 1 % during boring billion (2-1 bya)
3. today 21 %

1. major processes of CO2 uptake
   1. weathering
   2. diatom growth
      1. biological carbon pump

1. atmosphere: ~ 800 gt
2. land biota: 550 gt

   Anmerkungen:

   • mostly wood!
3. ocean biota: 3 gt

1. physico-chemical properties of environment

1. mortality due to grazers and predators

1. no space holding
   1. defence driving speciation

1. space holding
   1. growth driving speciation

1. allopatric

   Anmerkungen:

   • spatial separation, inbreeding impossible
2. sympatric

   Anmerkungen:

   • no separation, but no sexual interaction (e.g. because of mutation in sex organs)

1. pathogens
2. predators
3. parasites

1. microbial decomposition
   1. respiration

1. nutrients
   1. macro-
      1. C, O, H, N, S, P, Si, K, Na, Cl
   2. micro-
      1. Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, I etc.
         1. Fe
            1. key limiting nutrient
               1. HNLC-regions
                  1. high nutrient, low chlorophyll
                     1. upwelling regions
                        1. high N and P conc.
                        2. limited PP growth
                  2. subarctic Pacific
                  3. equatorial Pacific
                  4. entire Southern Ocean
                     1. iron fertilization experiments
                        1. deep C export due to induced PP blooms
                        2. 3 Mio t FeSO4/y would be needed
                        3. EISENEX
                        4. EIFEX
                        5. LOHAFEX
2. production
   1. new
      1. based on nitrate uptake
         1. accumulation of biomass
            1. bloom of phytoplankton
   2. regenerated
      1. based on remineralisation
         1. no increase in biomass
      2. greatest part of oceanic production
3. nitrogen cycle
   1. N2-fixation
   2. denitrification
   3. nitrification
   4. nitrogen excretion

1. microbial decomposition
   1. respiration

1. Cyanobacteria
   1. Prochlorococcus (Chl. b)
   2. Synechococcus
   3. colonial genera
      1. Trichodesmium
      2. Anabaena
      3. Nostoc
2. Diatoms
   1. diplpoid
   2. no flagellae
   3. chitin bristles
   4. cell wall of amorphous silica

      Anmerkungen:

      • [(SiO2)n(H2O)]
      1. shape
         1. pennate
            1. raphid

               Anmerkungen:

               • slid in cell wall used for locomotion
            2. araphid

               Anmerkungen:

               • no slid
         2. centric
   5. 40-50 % of marine primary production
   6. toxic for some animals

      Anmerkungen:

      • release aldehyde when ingested
3. Haptophytes/Prymnesiophytes
   1. nanoflagellates
   2. Phaeocystis

      Anmerkungen:

      • ~ 10 species ~ 3 make colonies start life at the spines of diatoms
   3. Coccolithophorids
      1. calcaerous plates
         1. calcite
4. Dinoflagellates
   1. mixotrophic
   2. haploid

      Anmerkungen:

      • sexual and asexual reproduction
   3. 3 feeding modi
      1. direct engulfment
      2. peduncle feeding
      3. palium feeding
   4. toxic species
      1. harmful algal blooms

1. Kitenoplastids/Bodonids
2. Choanoflagellates

   Anmerkungen:

   • base of animal lineage
3. heterotrophic nano-/and dinoflagellates
4. Tintinnids

   Anmerkungen:

   • ciliates; can't be digested, protein can't be broken down
   1. Choreotrichs
   2. Mesodinium
5. Radiolaria
   1. internal silica skeleton
   2. much older than diatoms
6. Acantharia
   1. celestite skeleton

      Anmerkungen:

      • SrSO4
      1. well protected
   2. predators

      Anmerkungen:

      • feed on copepods etc.
7. Foraminifera
   1. hundreds of benthic, ~46 planktonic species
   2. calcite/aragonite
   3. diploid

      Anmerkungen:

      • sexual reproduction, not only sexual phase!
   4. lunar cycle
   5. us. predators

Anmerkungen:

• Copepods, Euphausiids, Coelenterata, Ctenophores, Tunicates, Pteropods, Chaetognaths etc.

1. Copepods
   1. cosmopolitan genera

      Anmerkungen:

      • Pseudocalanus, Oithona, Euchaeta, Calanus, Metridia, Acartia, Centropages
   2. 6 nauplii and 6 copepodid stages
   3. about 2/3 muscles: thoracopods
2. 2 types
   1. watery

      Anmerkungen:

      • salps & jellies
   2. muscular

      Anmerkungen:

      • copepods & krill
3. Cladocerans (Daphnids)
   1. parthenogenetic
   2. filter-feeders
   3. slow swimmers
   4. 3 marine genera
      1. Penilia
      2. Evadne
      3. Podon
4. Euphausiids

   Anmerkungen:

   • shrimp-like, e.g. krill large swarms
5. Pteropods
   1. pelagic gastropods
   2. aragonite shells

Anmerkungen:

• pico: 0.2-2 µm nano: 2-20µm micro: 20-200 µm meso: 0.2-20 mm macro: 2-20 cm mega: 20-200 cm

1. 106:16:1