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What is Philosophy?
- Its all in the
mind
- Metaphysics
- What is
Metaphysics?
- Metaphysics asks us to
question the origin of reality.
what is real, and how do we
know it is real? What exists?
what does not?
- Metaphyscical Theories.
- Idealism
- To be is to be perceived,
Whatever is real, originates
from your mind. if you are
able to think of it, then it
must exist.
- For example, If I can think
of a beautiful island for
me to live in, then for sure
it must exist somewhere in
the world.
- For example, If I can think
of a beautiful island for
me to live in, then for sure
it must exist somewhere in
the world.
- To be is to be perceived,
Whatever is real, originates
from your mind. if you are
able to think of it, then it
must exist.
- Monism
- Reality is ultimately one
thing compounded all
together. For example, Our
thoughts, emotions, and
feelings All come from one
source
- Reality is ultimately one
thing compounded all
together. For example, Our
thoughts, emotions, and
feelings All come from one
source
- Dualism
- Dualism states
that both Mind,
and Matter coexist
in reality.
- For example, If I can
believe it exists, then it
has the capacity to
exist.
- For example, If I can
believe it exists, then it
has the capacity to
exist.
- Dualism states
that both Mind,
and Matter coexist
in reality.
- Materialism
- Materialism states that
reality is made of matter.
Matter such as atoms, force
fields, or anything tangible.
- For example, If I can
feel it, then it must be
real.
- For example, If I can
feel it, then it must be
real.
- Materialism states that
reality is made of matter.
Matter such as atoms, force
fields, or anything tangible.
- Idealism
- Metaphyscical Theories.
- What is a
person? And
what is our
mind?
- Immanuel Kant, another famous philosopher,
says that the mind is part of the world, and
everything around us. Our mind is affected
by how the world impacts us, and Our
experiences in the world shape our mind.
Whatever we experience in the world will
affect our mind, and whatever our mind is
thinking about will affect the world.
- Our mind (in my opinion) is the
strongest tool we have. We see people
around the world making paradise out
of misery, or inversely, misery out of
paradise. The way we look at the world
with our minds can change the real
world as simple as a presidential vote.
President Trumps campaign was all
about how the United States of
America was not good, or not as good
as it used to be. So by inserting that
into the minds of the people, he was
able to win votes.
- Our mind (in my opinion) is the
strongest tool we have. We see people
around the world making paradise out
of misery, or inversely, misery out of
paradise. The way we look at the world
with our minds can change the real
world as simple as a presidential vote.
President Trumps campaign was all
about how the United States of
America was not good, or not as good
as it used to be. So by inserting that
into the minds of the people, he was
able to win votes.
- Immanuel Kant, another famous philosopher,
says that the mind is part of the world, and
everything around us. Our mind is affected
by how the world impacts us, and Our
experiences in the world shape our mind.
Whatever we experience in the world will
affect our mind, and whatever our mind is
thinking about will affect the world.
- Metaphysics asks us to
question the origin of reality.
what is real, and how do we
know it is real? What exists?
what does not?
- Zasetsky, and the
troubled mind.
- Zasetsky was a soldier who fell under
unfortunate circumstances. He was
shot in the head, while surviving the
wound, has lost his ability to
remember, and perceive reality. Colors
changed, he could not remember
shapes, and most importantly he lost
the ability to remember, and make new
memories.
- Abu Nasr Al-Farabi stated that Zasetsky has
transcended, leaving his physical body behind. Al-Farabi
believed that the mind is not connected with the body,
and after we die, we leave our physical form, and move
onto an astral plane of existence, with only our minds.
Moreover, all of our minds are connected with God, and
as soon as we die, we return to him.
- John Locke, another philosopher to take a look at
Zasetsky stated that Zasetsky’s ability to
perceive has been significantly disrupted from
the trauma His body sustained. His access to
reality has been removed, and his sense of self
is almost completely destroyed. Locke believed
that the Theory of Empiricism was the only way
to gain knowledge, and if the mind fails to be able
to connect with anything, then knowledge can no
longer be obtained.
- Abu Nasr Al-Farabi stated that Zasetsky has
transcended, leaving his physical body behind. Al-Farabi
believed that the mind is not connected with the body,
and after we die, we leave our physical form, and move
onto an astral plane of existence, with only our minds.
Moreover, all of our minds are connected with God, and
as soon as we die, we return to him.
- Zasetsky was a soldier who fell under
unfortunate circumstances. He was
shot in the head, while surviving the
wound, has lost his ability to
remember, and perceive reality. Colors
changed, he could not remember
shapes, and most importantly he lost
the ability to remember, and make new
memories.
- What is
Metaphysics?
- Epistemology
- What is
Epistemology?
- Rationalism
- Rationalism is the theory that all people are born with innate
knowledge. We use this innate knowledge as we grow older to
experience new things, which in turn grants us with more knowledge.
Rationalism also states that we also gain knowledge through higher
sources, or through reason.
- A form of reason you can use to gain knowledge is Plato's Justified
true belief. If the thing you are questioning is Justified, it is true, and
you believe it to be true, then therefore, it will become new
knowledge for you. For it to be justified or true, cannot be left to
chance by luck.
- For example, the earth is round. There is proof that the earth is round, through pictures,
mathematics, and physics. With this proof, it is true, and justified that the earth is round.
Finally, I firmly believe that the earth is round. So because I believe the earth is round, and
because it is true, and justified, it passes Plato's theory, granting it status of knowledge.
- For example, the earth is round. There is proof that the earth is round, through pictures,
mathematics, and physics. With this proof, it is true, and justified that the earth is round.
Finally, I firmly believe that the earth is round. So because I believe the earth is round, and
because it is true, and justified, it passes Plato's theory, granting it status of knowledge.
- A form of reason you can use to gain knowledge is Plato's Justified
true belief. If the thing you are questioning is Justified, it is true, and
you believe it to be true, then therefore, it will become new
knowledge for you. For it to be justified or true, cannot be left to
chance by luck.
- Rationalism is the theory that all people are born with innate
knowledge. We use this innate knowledge as we grow older to
experience new things, which in turn grants us with more knowledge.
Rationalism also states that we also gain knowledge through higher
sources, or through reason.
- Empiricism
- Empiricism is the theory that all knowledge is
gained through experiences, and through our
senses, what we touch, tastes, smell etc. Plato
theorized that through experimentation, and
experiences, we will gain knowledge of the world
around us.
- An example would be to conditioning. B.F Skinner, a
psychologist praised for his research in Operant
Conditioning. Using what he called a "Skinner Box'', he
placed a mouse inside of it. In the box was a lever, to
which every time it was pulled, food will be dispensed to
the mouse. He soon found that after a while, the mouse
learned that Lever = food, and continued to use the
Lever.
- This relates to Empiricism because we can observe that
even in animals, they are able to learn through
experimentation, and through experiences. The mouse did
not have innate knowledge of what levers were, or how
they worked, but rather it learned to get food from it by
experimenting with the lever.
- The same thing can be found with
humans, we go to work so we could
earn money, but we had no innate
knowledge about it.
- The same thing can be found with
humans, we go to work so we could
earn money, but we had no innate
knowledge about it.
- This relates to Empiricism because we can observe that
even in animals, they are able to learn through
experimentation, and through experiences. The mouse did
not have innate knowledge of what levers were, or how
they worked, but rather it learned to get food from it by
experimenting with the lever.
- An example would be to conditioning. B.F Skinner, a
psychologist praised for his research in Operant
Conditioning. Using what he called a "Skinner Box'', he
placed a mouse inside of it. In the box was a lever, to
which every time it was pulled, food will be dispensed to
the mouse. He soon found that after a while, the mouse
learned that Lever = food, and continued to use the
Lever.
- Empiricism is the theory that all knowledge is
gained through experiences, and through our
senses, what we touch, tastes, smell etc. Plato
theorized that through experimentation, and
experiences, we will gain knowledge of the world
around us.
- Epistemology is the
philosophical discipline of
Knowledge. More so on how we
obtain it, use it, and how we
know, that we really know it.
- Pragmatism
- Essentially an assessment to which theory is true, or false in
terms of their success and practical application. It started with
a philosopher named Charles Pierce. He wanted to use
pragmatism to make people’s ideas more clear.“Consider what
effects, which might conceivably have practical bearings, we
conceive the object of our conception to have. Then the whole of
our conception of those effects is the whole of our conception of
the object.” There are 3 grades of Clarity: 1: Knowing, and
understanding the subject 2:Knowing how to provide a definition
of the subject 3:We must know the concept to be true If
something is destroyed, then there is no difference between
whether it was hard or soft before it was destroyed because
there was no-one to test it.
- Essentially an assessment to which theory is true, or false in
terms of their success and practical application. It started with
a philosopher named Charles Pierce. He wanted to use
pragmatism to make people’s ideas more clear.“Consider what
effects, which might conceivably have practical bearings, we
conceive the object of our conception to have. Then the whole of
our conception of those effects is the whole of our conception of
the object.” There are 3 grades of Clarity: 1: Knowing, and
understanding the subject 2:Knowing how to provide a definition
of the subject 3:We must know the concept to be true If
something is destroyed, then there is no difference between
whether it was hard or soft before it was destroyed because
there was no-one to test it.
- Rationalism
- Total recall and Skepticism
- Total Recall (2012) branches out to the sub-category of
Epistemology called "skepticism". Skepticism means to
question, and in this movie, the main character
questions what is real and what is not. This then leads
us, outside of the realm of film, to ask ourselves, how do
we know what is real is real. In the film, the Protagonist
finds that the people whom he thought he has known
for a long time turns out to be someone else, posing as
the person he thought he knew. Do we, the people of the
"real" world, really know the people closest people to us?
- Total Recall (2012) branches out to the sub-category of
Epistemology called "skepticism". Skepticism means to
question, and in this movie, the main character
questions what is real and what is not. This then leads
us, outside of the realm of film, to ask ourselves, how do
we know what is real is real. In the film, the Protagonist
finds that the people whom he thought he has known
for a long time turns out to be someone else, posing as
the person he thought he knew. Do we, the people of the
"real" world, really know the people closest people to us?
- What is
Epistemology?
- Reasoning and Logic
- What is Reasoning
and Logic?
- Reasoning and Logic is the base of all
philosophical theories. The ability to formulate
an argument that makes sense, and to pose
questions that will be discussed requires an
upper level of thinking. Some questions are
trivial, like "what will I do tomorrow?", but some
questions take it a step further, like "Is murder
ever justified?"
- Types of
Arguments
- Deductive
- A form of argument that uses
the power of deduction!
Basically using previously
known, or newly found
knowledge to help form an
argument. Either by reducing
the amount fallacies found, or
by using pieces of proof to
formulate an argument.
- For example, Sherlock Holmes
utilizes the power of deduction
by piecing together related
evidence in order to draw a
logical conclusion. Ex: The
woman's coat was wet, therefore
she must have been in the rain.
- For example, Sherlock Holmes
utilizes the power of deduction
by piecing together related
evidence in order to draw a
logical conclusion. Ex: The
woman's coat was wet, therefore
she must have been in the rain.
- A form of argument that uses
the power of deduction!
Basically using previously
known, or newly found
knowledge to help form an
argument. Either by reducing
the amount fallacies found, or
by using pieces of proof to
formulate an argument.
- Abductive
- Abduction(not kidnapping) is the
logical argument of "best guess", simply
meaning that you are giving the most
logical, and plausible explanations given
that the premises are true.
- For example: 1. If it was
cold last night, then will
be frost on my car. 2.
Hey, look, there is frost
on my car. Then
therefore, it was cold last
night.
- For example: 1. If it was
cold last night, then will
be frost on my car. 2.
Hey, look, there is frost
on my car. Then
therefore, it was cold last
night.
- Abduction(not kidnapping) is the
logical argument of "best guess", simply
meaning that you are giving the most
logical, and plausible explanations given
that the premises are true.
- Inductive
- Almost the same as
Abductive arguments.
Inductive arguments
create the most plausible
prediction given a set of
data.
- For example, In the past, Apple
Co, has not made anything
highly revolutionary, other
than their prices. So looking at
the given information,t his is
not likely to change
- For example, In the past, Apple
Co, has not made anything
highly revolutionary, other
than their prices. So looking at
the given information,t his is
not likely to change
- Almost the same as
Abductive arguments.
Inductive arguments
create the most plausible
prediction given a set of
data.
- Deductive
- Types of
Arguments
- Reasoning and Logic is the base of all
philosophical theories. The ability to formulate
an argument that makes sense, and to pose
questions that will be discussed requires an
upper level of thinking. Some questions are
trivial, like "what will I do tomorrow?", but some
questions take it a step further, like "Is murder
ever justified?"
- What is Reasoning
and Logic?
- Ethics
- What is
Ethics?
- Branches of
Ethics
- Altruism
- Altruism is acting out for the welfare
of other people/ entities without
second thought of your own well
being, or concerns. People behave
altruisticly when they see someone
in need, and are flooded with
empathy, and the need to help.
- Kin Selection
- People will act more
altruisticly to people who are
closely related to them.
- People will act more
altruisticly to people who are
closely related to them.
- Reciprocal Altruism
- People will act more
alreuisticly to people who has
helped them before.
- People will act more
alreuisticly to people who has
helped them before.
- An example of altruism is someone
helping a young child look for their
parents after they get lost, or donating
money to a good cause. perhaps you
could have minded your own business
instead of helping the child, or use the
money to buy a cup of coffee, but you
acted selfless in order to help another.
- Kin Selection
- Altruism is acting out for the welfare
of other people/ entities without
second thought of your own well
being, or concerns. People behave
altruisticly when they see someone
in need, and are flooded with
empathy, and the need to help.
- Divine
Command
Theory
- The belief that everything that is moral or
immoral is chosen by the divine. Morality is
revealed to us by the divine. For example,
through prophets or sacred texts.
- Examples of cultures that believe in
this would be: Judaism, Catholicism,
and Christianity.
- For example, the
Bible's 10
commandments
guides Christians to
how they should live.
- For example, the
Bible's 10
commandments
guides Christians to
how they should live.
- Examples of cultures that believe in
this would be: Judaism, Catholicism,
and Christianity.
- The belief that everything that is moral or
immoral is chosen by the divine. Morality is
revealed to us by the divine. For example,
through prophets or sacred texts.
- Utilitarianism
- What is good is what is the best for
the greatest amount of people. For
example, Not hurting others is
considered morally good, because it
would result in everyone being
happy
- Our actions should be judged on their
usefulness to the greatest number of
people. Maximize happiness and
minimize suffering.
- Our actions should be judged on their
usefulness to the greatest number of
people. Maximize happiness and
minimize suffering.
- Rule utilitarianism states that
we must live by the rules that
are likely to produce the
greatest good for the greatest
number of people.
- For example, following the rule to not
kill will produce the most good for
people because we dont need to waste
tax dollars to throw you in jail, and at
the end of the day, everyone is alive.
- For example, following the rule to not
kill will produce the most good for
people because we dont need to waste
tax dollars to throw you in jail, and at
the end of the day, everyone is alive.
- Act utilitarianism states that you must
choose to do actions that produces the
greatest good for the most amount of
people.
- For example, ro kill or to save a certain group of
people because it is right to do so. ex: killing people
is good for a totalitarian government, and saving
people is good for a rebellion against a totalitarian
government.
- For example, ro kill or to save a certain group of
people because it is right to do so. ex: killing people
is good for a totalitarian government, and saving
people is good for a rebellion against a totalitarian
government.
- What is good is what is the best for
the greatest amount of people. For
example, Not hurting others is
considered morally good, because it
would result in everyone being
happy
- Virtue Ethics
- Virtue ethics focuses more on the
character of a person, rather than
their ability to follow a set of
rules.
- Aristotle believed that virtue was
between extreme excess, and extreme
deficit. He called this the golden mean.
- For example, Courage is the middle
of Cowardice, and recklessness,
therefore it is the best choice.
- Or Peace is in the middle of
passiveness, and violence.
It is better to be at peace
with everyone, than to be
passive, or violent with one
another.
- Or Peace is in the middle of
passiveness, and violence.
It is better to be at peace
with everyone, than to be
passive, or violent with one
another.
- For example, Courage is the middle
of Cowardice, and recklessness,
therefore it is the best choice.
- Aristotle believed that virtue was
between extreme excess, and extreme
deficit. He called this the golden mean.
- Virtue ethics focuses more on the
character of a person, rather than
their ability to follow a set of
rules.
- Pragmatism, and
Deontology
- Pragmatism states that
Right or wrong is
determined by how useful
an action is. What works is
right, what doesnt is wrong.
- For example, a lot of people
find it ethical to continue
burning fossil fuels, because as
of right now, it is the most
accessible, and useful resource.
- For example, a lot of people
find it ethical to continue
burning fossil fuels, because as
of right now, it is the most
accessible, and useful resource.
- Deontology is the theory
that a universal law of
morality exists that all
people must follow.
- Deontology looks at the
rightfulness, and wrongness of
each action. FOr example, Killing
innocent people would be
considered wrong.
- Deontology looks at the
rightfulness, and wrongness of
each action. FOr example, Killing
innocent people would be
considered wrong.
- Pragmatism states that
Right or wrong is
determined by how useful
an action is. What works is
right, what doesnt is wrong.
- Categorical
Imperative.
Immanuel Kant.
- Kant believed that morals should not be based on religion,
but rather with reasoning, Kant believed that all rational
being could figure this out for themselves, and did not
need to depend on a higher power.
- For example, we should not rely
on the teacher telling us to
complete an assignment, but
rather take the initiative to
commence it yourself.
- For example, we should not rely
on the teacher telling us to
complete an assignment, but
rather take the initiative to
commence it yourself.
- Kant believed that morals should not be based on religion,
but rather with reasoning, Kant believed that all rational
being could figure this out for themselves, and did not
need to depend on a higher power.
- Altruism
- Ethics are a system of moral principles that
determine someones actions, and affects the way
they live their life. Ethics is concerned with what is
better for the greater good.
- Like Metaphysics, Meta-Ethics is the study, or
questioning of where out morals come from. We
may wonder who, what, or where do our moral
principles come from.
- We question whether they come
from our cultures, maybe a divine
entity, or perhaps humans make up
morals as we live out our lives.
- We question whether they come
from our cultures, maybe a divine
entity, or perhaps humans make up
morals as we live out our lives.
- Like Metaphysics, Meta-Ethics is the study, or
questioning of where out morals come from. We
may wonder who, what, or where do our moral
principles come from.
- Branches of
Ethics
- What is
Ethics?
- Metaphysics
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