1701573
Beschreibung
Mindmap von megan.daye4, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von megan.daye4
vor fast 10 Jahre
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Adaptations for Gas Exchange
- Respiratory surfaces
- Properties: Large surface area.
Thin(Short diffusion path)
Moist. Has a concentration
gradient . permeable
- Properties: Large surface area.
Thin(Short diffusion path)
Moist. Has a concentration
gradient . permeable
- As an organism gets bigger, its surface area gets smaller
- The volume of an organism increases much faster than the surface area
- Larger organisms have had to evolve systems and organs to increase the avaliable surface for
gas exchange. They also need a system to transport gases to and from the exchange surface
- Larger organisms have had to evolve systems and organs to increase the avaliable surface for
gas exchange. They also need a system to transport gases to and from the exchange surface
- The volume of an organism increases much faster than the surface area
- Earthworm Adaptations
- They carry out gas exchange by diffusion
- Large S.A
- Blood containing haemoglobin
(high affinity for oxygen)
- Blood containing haemoglobin
(high affinity for oxygen)
- Well developed Capillary network
- Low metabollic rate
- Low metabollic rate
- They carry out gas exchange by diffusion
- Human Lungs
- Inspiration
- Intercostals contract.
Ribcage moves up and
out. Diaphragm
muscles contract and
flatten. Volume of
thorax increases.
Pressure of air in
thorax reduces below
atmospheric
- Intercostals contract.
Ribcage moves up and
out. Diaphragm
muscles contract and
flatten. Volume of
thorax increases.
Pressure of air in
thorax reduces below
atmospheric
- Expiration
- Intercostals relax.
Rib cage moves in
and down.
Diaphragm muscles
relax and become
dome shaped.
Volume of thorax
decreases. Pressure
of air in thorax
increases above
atmospheric
- Intercostals relax.
Rib cage moves in
and down.
Diaphragm muscles
relax and become
dome shaped.
Volume of thorax
decreases. Pressure
of air in thorax
increases above
atmospheric
- Inspiration
- Insect gas exchange
- Relies on diffusion
- During periods of movement, the
abdomen ventilate the trachea
- Simple respiratory system with spiracles, oxygen enters spiracles as they are valve like openings
- Relies on diffusion
- Large terrestrial animals adaptations
- Largely folded exchange surface
- Internal lungs to avoid desiccation
- Layer of moisture around lungs for gases to dissolve in
- Constant blood supply = conc gradient maintained
- Largely folded exchange surface
- Fish
- high metabollic rate
- Cartilaginous Fish use Parallel/ concurrent flow- where
water and blood flow across the gills in the same direction
- Bony fish use counter current flow- where blood and
water flow across the gills in opposite directions
- In this Equilibrium is NOT reached
- The % of oxy in water is always higher
than the blood so conc gradient is
maintained
- The % of oxy in water is always higher
than the blood so conc gradient is
maintained
- In this Equilibrium is NOT reached
- Gill Adaptations
- Large s.a
- Short diffusion path
- Rich supply of blood vessels
- Ventilation mechanism to maintain conc gradient
- Large s.a
- Ventillation (fish)
- WATER IN:
- Mouth open, opercular
valve closed, floor of mouth
lowered, volume increases
insde mouth cavity,
pressure in cavity lowers,
water flows in from a HIGH
pressure to a LOW pressure
- Mouth open, opercular
valve closed, floor of mouth
lowered, volume increases
insde mouth cavity,
pressure in cavity lowers,
water flows in from a HIGH
pressure to a LOW pressure
- WATER OUT:
- Mouth closed, opercular valve
open, floor of mouth raised,
volume decreases inside mouth
cavity, pressure in cavity
increases, water is forced OVER
THE GILLS and out the
OPERCULAR VALVE
- Mouth closed, opercular valve
open, floor of mouth raised,
volume decreases inside mouth
cavity, pressure in cavity
increases, water is forced OVER
THE GILLS and out the
OPERCULAR VALVE
- WATER IN:
- high metabollic rate
- Stomatal opening
- Stomata open because...
- 1. K+ ions are pumped into guard cells by
active transport- which requires ATP
- 2. Starch is converted into malate
ions inside guard cells
- 3. Malate ions and K+ lower the W.P inside guard cells
- 4. Water moves into the guard cells by
osmosis down a W.P gradient
- 5. The guard cells become turgid
- 6. due to the thickened inner wall of the guard cell,
the cells curve apart and the stomata open
- 1. K+ ions are pumped into guard cells by
active transport- which requires ATP
- Stomata open because...
Medienanhänge
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