A Hot Summer's Night

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Mindmap am A Hot Summer's Night, erstellt von Alia Rashed am 25/03/2019.
Alia Rashed
Mindmap von Alia Rashed, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Alia Rashed
Erstellt von Alia Rashed vor mehr als 5 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

A Hot Summer's Night
  1. Renal physiology
    1. Kidney Function
      1. Nephrons: the Functional unit of the kidney
        1. A renal corpuscle, a renal tubal, and the associated capillary network, which originates from the cortical radiated arteries
      2. Kidney structure
        1. Externally, the kidney is surrounded by fascia, perirenal fat capsule, and the renal capsule. Internally, the kidney is dost importantlyy filled with with nephrons that filters blood and generate urine
        2. Urine Formation
          1. Filtration
            1. Blood enters the efferent arteriole and flows into the glomerulus where filterable blood components; such as water, and nitrogenous waste, will move toward the inside of the glomerulus, and non filterable components; such as cells and serum albumins, will exit via afferent arteriole. these filterable components accumulates in the glomerulus to form glomerular filtrate.
            2. Reabsorption
              1. a nephron may either be a passive or active process, and specific permeability of each part of the nephron varies considerably of the amount and type of substances reabsorbed
                1. Acting trasport - membrane - bound ATPase pumps (such as NA+/ K+ ATPase pumps) with carirer protein that substances across the plasma membranes of the kidney epithelial cells by consuming ATP.
                  1. Passive diffusion - passing through plasma membranes of the kidney epithelial by concerntration gradient
                    1. Contransport - this process is particulary important for the reabsorption of water. water can follow other molecules that are actively transported, particularly glucose and sodium ions in nephrons
                  2. Oligouria
                    1. < 400 ml/day
                    2. anuria
                      1. < 100 ml / day
                      2. Polyuria
                        1. < 2 L / day
                        2. Secretion
                          1. secretion accuses are similar of those reabsorption, however these process occur in the apposite direction
                            1. the substances that are secreted into the tubeuar for removal from the body include
                              1. Ammonium ion (NH4+)
                                1. Hydrogen ion (H+)
                                  1. Creatinine
                                    1. Urea
                                      1. Urea cycle
                                      2. Potassium ion (K+)
                                        1. Potassium balance
                                          1. increased secretion
                                            1. diuretic
                                              1. Alkalosis
                                                1. increase aldosterone
                                                  1. light potassium potassium
                                                  2. decreased secretion
                                                    1. low potassium diet
                                                      1. decrease aldosterone
                                                        1. Acidosis
                                                          1. Potassium sparing diuretics
                                                          2. intercalated cells help in reabsorption during low potassium diet
                                                            1. Principal cells secrete during high potassium diet
                                              2. Shock
                                                1. a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow
                                                  1. Causes
                                                    1. Heart Problems
                                                      1. Changes in blood vessels
                                                        1. Low blood volume
                                                        2. Types
                                                          1. neurogenic
                                                            1. Sepsis
                                                              1. Hypovolemic
                                                                1. anaphylactic
                                                                  1. Cardiogenic
                                                                  2. Symptoms
                                                                    1. Enlarges pupils
                                                                      1. Weakness or fatigue
                                                                        1. Nausea or vomiting
                                                                          1. Rapid pulse
                                                                            1. Dizziness
                                                                              1. Rapid breathing
                                                                          2. Acute Kidney Failure
                                                                            1. Chronic Kidney failure
                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                1. Diabetes
                                                                                  1. Hypertension
                                                                                    1. Policystitis
                                                                                    2. Caused by acute kidney failure
                                                                                      1. Manifestations
                                                                                        1. Chest Pain
                                                                                          1. Shortness of breath
                                                                                            1. Sodium & water balance
                                                                                              1. Metabolic acidosis
                                                                                                1. Anemia
                                                                                                  1. Potassium balance
                                                                                              2. Investigations
                                                                                                1. Serum biochemistries
                                                                                                  1. Urine analysis with microscope
                                                                                                    1. Urine Electrolytes
                                                                                                      1. CBC
                                                                                                        1. Renal imaging is useful, especially if renal is secondary to obstruction
                                                                                                          1. CT scan: this imaging technique uses contrast dyes to picture the kidney. it may also be used to look for structural abnormalities and the presence of obstruction.
                                                                                                            1. Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to get a picture of a kidney. it may be used to look for abnormalities in size or position of the kidney or for obstructions such as stones to tumors
                                                                                                          2. Progosis
                                                                                                            1. Depends on the causes on the disease
                                                                                                              1. Partial recovery of renal function may occur in situation in which the injury does not completely resolve.
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