Week 6 Bias LO

Week 6 Bias LO

•Explain the meaning of bias and confounding and provide examples demonstrating these concepts in the context of health research.
•Describe the characteristics of the following quantitative study designs systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case control studies, cross-sectional and case studies.
•Understand the rationale behind the hierarchy of research evidence using quantitative research methodologies and how it relates to evaluating health claims from an evidence-based perspective.
•Utilise the hierarchy of evidence to inform evidence-based practice (EBP).
Quantitative
1. based on the premise that variables of interest can be observed and counted
2. descriptive
3. correlational
4. causal analyses
5. experimental
6. Inferential statistics
  1. frequently used to examine relationships between variables
  2. to generalise what is found in the study sample to the population as a whole.
7. statistical section, which may show cause and effect relationships.
8. Subject to bias due to large population size
  1. To reduce Bias
    1. ensure samples are as representative as possible
      1. i.e specific to the study so for breast cancer research, use people from hospitals
    2. ensuring strict, explicit criteria
      1. for what constitutes a case and an exposure
      2. selecting cases of arthritis, explicit guidelines must be followed when diagnosing participants with arthritis
        Know participants disease status
        prevents the researcher consciously or unconsciously treating the participants differently
        prevents collecting data differently depending on the group to which the patient belongs.
    3. ensuring standardised data collection forms and procedures, and these are used uniformly across all participants
    4. aim for high participation rates
      1. participation or response rates are important things to look for
      2. If the big sample doesn't all participate, it increases risk of having ppl with different characteristics from those who don't.
Confounding
1. variable or factor that confuses the relationship being examined
2. Quantitaive
  1. examine the relationship between an exposure and an outcome (such as disease).
  2. when another exposure exists that is associated with the disease or outcome and the exposure being studied.
  3. Confounding factor maternal age for Down Syndrome and birth order exposure

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