Other studies

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HBS108 (Week 6 & 7) Mindmap am Other studies, erstellt von shirley.ha am 26/08/2013.
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Other studies
  1. Case control studies
    1. examine the association of disease with past exposure(s) (e.g. abuse as a child and severe depression as an adult).
      1. can be completed quickly (unlike cohort studies where people often need to be followed for several years to see if certain conditions develop)
        1. reasonably economical, and the study population can be small
          1. used to study relatively rare diseases.
            1. identify the cause of food-related illness after customers have eaten in a restaurant (i.e. What did the people who got sick eat [cases], that the people who did not get sick [controls] refrained from eating?).
            2. Results expressed as
              1. results are expressed as odds ratios (OR).
                1. estimate the increased (or decreased) risk of disease for those in the exposed group
              2. Order of inquiry
                1. disease status is measured first, then participants are followed up (backwards in time) until exposure status is established, and the two groups are compared.
                2. E.g
                  1. 1.Are oral contraceptives associated with breast cancer?
                3. Cross sectional studies
                  1. provide data from a single 'snapshot' in time and are often used to study prevalence (current disease or outcome)
                    1. used to measure variables such as health-related attitudes and behaviours in a population or sample of the population.
                      1. Analytical cross-sectional studies/surveys
                        1. 'getting the temporal direction of cause-effect correct', and cross-sectional studies cannot, in themselves, establish this.
                          1. does excessive television watching cause obesity, or are these two variables simply associated?
                            1. either the entire population or a sample from that population is selected
                              1. individuals' data are collected using records or a questionnaire (or some type of measuring instrument) that focuses on the area of interest.
                                1. Examples
                                  1. 1.What is the prevalence of stroke in Victoria in 2012?
                                    1. 2.Are young people aware of, and involved in, tobacco marketing?
                                2. Results
                                  1. expressed in terms frequencies and proportions (%)
                                    1. statistical approaches like Chi-square (x2)and p-values.
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