EDUCATION

SOCIAL POLICIES
1. Humans
  1. Human Migration
    1. Mitochondrial DNA
      1. Benefits
        Produces Evidenc for African Eve Theory:a) its inheritance down the female line b) its high mutation rate
        More usuful than nuclear DNA for tracking human migration/evolution: a) mitochondrial DNA is less likely to have degraded over time b) mitochondrial DNA is more abundant
    2. Climate Change
      1. Impacted: a) mitochondrial DNA is less likely to have degraded over time b) mitochondrial DNA is more abundant
  2. Human Evolution
    1. Evidence
      1. Stone Tools
        a) the development of stone tools over time b) how these can be dated from their environment
      2. Fossils
        a) Ardi from 4.4 million years ago b) Lucy from 3.2 million years ago c) Leakey’s discovery of fossils from 1.6 million years ago
2. Communication
  1. Animal Communication
    1. Sound
      1. a) birds sing to show territory b) cats hiss to frighten c) deer stags roar to challenge and attract
    2. Chemical
      1. pheromones - attract opposite sex
    3. Visual
      1. gestures - hand waving
      2. body language - position of body to expres emotion
  2. Plant Communication
    1. Using Chemicals
      1. Flowers produce scents to attract animals
      2. The animal feeds on nectar and takes the pollen to the next flower it feeds on
      3. Mutualistic Relationship
      4. Plants can also produce chemicals for other plants
        Roots - Chemicals from roots go to the roots of other plants
        Reduces competition for water and mineral ions
        Warning - Some release chemicals when being attacked to warn other plants
        Other plans produce poison only when warned because it takes a lot of energy
    2. Co-Evolution
      1. A change in characteristic caused in one species by a change in another species
        Plants co-evolved their shape with animal pollinators so only some species can feed at the flower
        Benefit: Pollen will be transported to a similar flower
        Animals don't have to compete with others to get nectar
3. Behaviour
  1. Learned Behaviours
    1. imprinting
    2. Innate
  2. Simple Behaviours
    1. Habituation
      1. The inhibitions of a response to a repeated harmless stimulus
        a) sniffer dogs b) police horses c) dolphins
    2. classical conditioning
    3. operant conditioning
  3. Parenting
    1. Parenting Behaviours
      1. Birds & Mammals rear the young by:
        a) protecting the young from danger b) helping the young to find food c) sheltering the young from cold and wet d) teaching the young new skills, such as hunting
    2. Evolutionary Strategy
      1. Advantage of parental care in relation to evolution
        a) increased chance of survival of offspring b) increased chance of parental genes being passed on by the offspring
  4. Courtship
    1. Finding/selecting a suitable mate to reproduce by/or advertising their qualities
    2. Mating Strategies
      1. a) a mate for life
      2. b) several mates over a lifetime
      3. c) a mate for a breeding season
      4. d) several mates over one breeding season
4. Ethologists
  1. Tinbergen - innate behaviour in gulls
  2. Lorenz - impinting in geese
  3. Fossey - social behaviour in gorillas
  4. Goodall, social behaviour in chimpanzee
ROLE AND FUNCTIONS
1. NEW RIGHT
  1. Rhythms
    1. Photoperiodicity - A response of a plant that changes as day length changes
    2. Circadian Rhythm - A pattern of behaviour that changes over a day period
  2. Plant Defences
    1. Use chemical defences to:
      1. Deter pests that try to eat them
      2. Kill pathogens (bacteria fungi)
    2. Human Food Supply
      1. Pathogens and Pests cause damage to crop
      2. Reduces Yield of Crop
  3. Growing Microorganisms
    1. Aseptic Technique -
      1. Used to prevent infection of wounds from surgry
      2. Prevents food spoilage
    2. Bacterial Growth
      1. Bacteria will double every 20 minutes in the right conditions
  4. Vaccines
    1. Edward Jenner - Gave cowpox to a boy that prevented small pox
    2. Immunisation - Protects you from infection
    3. Vaccine - Contains pathogen/ Used to immunise people
  5. Antibodies
    1. Monoclonal Antibodies - Antibodies that carry useful chemical markers or treatmens
      1. Pregnancy Test
      2. Blood Clots/ Cancer Cells
    2. Hybridoma Cell - From B Lymphocyte & Cancer Cell. Makes antibodies
2. FUNCTIONALISM
  1. Kidneys
    1. Waste products
      1. Metabolic Reactions - Produce waste that diffuse into the blood. They need to be removed
      2. CO2 is waste product of respiration
      3. Breakdown of excess amino acids in liver produces urea
    2. Structure of Urinal System
      1. a) renal artery and vein b) kidneys c) ureters d) bladder e) urethra
    3. Role of Kidney
      1. Remove urea from blood,. adjust ion & water levels using osmoregulation & selective reabsorption
    4. Treatments for kidney failure
      1. Kidney Dialysis
      2. Organ donation
    5. Nephron
      1. Structure
        a) glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule b) convoluted tubules c) loop of Henlé d) collecting duct
      2. Function
        a) filtration in the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule b) selective reabsorption of glucose c) reabsorption of water (osmoregulation) d) removal of excess water in urine
  2. Role of ADH
    1. Produced by the Pituitary Gland
      1. Regulates water content of the blood - osmoregulation
    2. Negative Feedback
  3. Menstrual Cycle
    1. Menstrual Cycle - oestrogen and progesterone
    2. Stages - Menstruation, Uterus Lining Thickening, Ovulation
    3. Uterus lining maintains during fertilisation
      1. The embryo needs to be in the thick uterus lining, so that it can get its nutrients from the mother
  4. Hormone Control
    1. a) FSH stimulates maturation of follicles, which stimulates oestrogen production b) oestrogen is responsible for repair of the uterus wall
    2. c) high levels of oestrogen stimulate a surge in LH, which triggers ovulation d) corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which maintains the lining of the uterus
    3. e) progesterone inhibits FSH and LH production f) during pregnancy, progesterone levels remain high
    4. g) menstruation is triggered by a drop in oestrogen and progesterone levels h) low progesterone levels allow an increase in FSH levels
    5. Negative Feedback Relativity
      1. Changes of a released hormone stops the release of other hormones e.g. progesterone inhibits FSH and LH
3. MARXIST
  1. Fertilisation
    1. Egg Cell
      1. a) cytoplasm to provide nutrients b) haploid nucleus containing one set of the genetic material c) immediately after fertilisation the cell membrane around the egg changes to block entry of other sperm
    2. Sperm Cell
      1. a) acrosome containing enzymes b) haploid nucleus containing one set of the genetic material c) middle section containing mitochondria d) tail for motility
    3. Infertility Treatments
      1. Donation of Eggs
      2. IVF
      3. Surrogate Mother
      4. Hormones
  2. Sex Determination
    1. Genotype - All of the genes of an indivisual
      1. XX - Female
      2. XY - Male
    2. Phenotype - The look of the indivisual
  3. Sex-Linked Inheritance
    1. Allele - one half of a pair of genes
      1. Dominant
      2. Recessive
    2. Haemophilia
      1. Sex linked genetic disorder
        XH - normal blood clotting
        Xh - poor blood clotting (recessive)
EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES
1. Bio-Food
  1. Microogranisms for Food
    1. Advantages
      1. a) rapid population growth b) ease of manipulation c) production independent of climate d) use of waste products from other industrial processes
    2. Making Yogurt
      1. Type of Bacteria used, type of milk used, temperature and the pH: Can change: the speed o production and type of yogurt
      2. a) Milk is warmed to 40'C b) a culture of bacteria is added to the milk c) bacteria convert lactose in milk to lactic acid d) lactic acid makes mixture taste sour and thicken
  2. Mycoprotein (Fake Meat)
    1. A protein rich food made using a fungus - Fusuarium sp. in large fermenters
    2. Advantages - No saturated fat (red meat does) which can cause heart disease. High fibre (red meat doesn't) - reduces glucose absorption and insulin surges - reduces type 2 diabetes - reduces bowel cancer
  3. Biotechnology
    1. a) mitochondrial DNA is less likely to have degraded over time b) mitochondrial DNA is more abundant
    2. Fermenter - a vessel used to cultivate microorganisms for the production of biomolecules on a large scale
    3. Conditioning Fermenters
      1. a) aseptic precautions b) nutrients c) optimum temperature d) pH e) oxygenation f) agitation
2. World Problems
  1. A GM Future?
    1. Genetic Modification
      1. by using bacterium: Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector e.g gene for making flavinoid can be inserted into tomato cells to make purple tomatoes
    2. GM crop seeds cost a lot but purple tomatoes may help anyone with cancer live longer.
    3. MEDC: Money + No Lnad = GM
    4. LEDC: No Money + Land = Biofules
  2. Global Food Security
    1. Increased Food Production
      1. Conventional Plant-Breeding can develop new varieties of plants that have higher yields
        plants that have good yield and/or drought tolerant, need less fertiliser are crossed
        Plants grown from the seeds of the crosses are selected for their good features and are crossed with eachother
        Selection and crossing is repeated until high-yielding variety is produced
    2. Pest Management
      1. Pesticides
      2. Pheremones
      3. less attractive crop varieties
    3. Bio-fuels
      1. Advantges: a) biofuels are renewable (fossil fuels aren't), crop growth takes CO2 from the air
      2. Disadvantages: a) biofuel crops need land to grow on, and this may take land needed for growing food crops
  3. Insect-resistant plants
    1. Use of Bt in plants
      1. Advantages:
        a) crop damage is reduced so crop yield should increase b) less chemical insecticide is needed so harmless/useful insects are less likely to be harmed (improves bio-diversity)
      2. Disadvantages:
        a) seed from transgenic plants is more expensive than seeds from non transgenic b) insect pests may become resistant to Bt c) Pollination would cause Bt gene to transfer to other plants and make them resistant to plants to
3. Technology
  1. Enzyme Technology
    1. Chymosin
      1. Enzyme that effects proteins in milk. Making solid curds and liquid whey. Curds are used for cheese
      2. Natural chymosin comes from calves' stomachs
      3. Enzyme can be made using GMB for vegetarian cheese
    2. Invertase
      1. (Sucrase) - converts sugar sucrose into glucose and fructose.
      2. Commercially produced by yeast - used to make sweets taste sweeter and soft centres
    3. Washing Powder
      1. Protease enzymes digest proteins and lipase digests fats and oils, usually found as stains on clothes.
      2. You can wash low temperatures with these enzymes, with washing powder, which saves time and energy for heating
  2. DNA Technology
    1. Making Human Insulin
      1. You need: a) restriction enzymes b) ligase c) sticky ends

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	Erstellt von Clayton Rugema vor fast 10 Jahre