19001952
FIVE QUALITATIVE
APPROACHES TO
INQUIRY
- NARRATIVE RESEARCH
- Has many forms, uses a
variety of analytic practices,
it's rooted in different social
and humanities disciplines.
- With a specific
focus on the
stories told by
individuals
- With a specific
focus on the
stories told by
individuals
- Can be a
method or a
phenomenon
of study
- As a method, begins with
experiences as expressed
in lived and told stories of
individuals
- As a method, begins with
experiences as expressed
in lived and told stories of
individuals
- Procedures
- 1. Determine if the research problem or
question best fits narrative research. 2. Select
one or more individuals who have stories or
life experiences to tell. Collect artifacts. 3.
Collect information about the context of
those stories. 4. Analyze the participants'
stories, and then restory them into a
framework that makes sense. 5. Collaborate
with participants by actively involving them in
the reseach.
- 1. Determine if the research problem or
question best fits narrative research. 2. Select
one or more individuals who have stories or
life experiences to tell. Collect artifacts. 3.
Collect information about the context of
those stories. 4. Analyze the participants'
stories, and then restory them into a
framework that makes sense. 5. Collaborate
with participants by actively involving them in
the reseach.
- Types
- Life story
- Biographical study
- Autobiographical
- Oral history
- Life story
- Has many forms, uses a
variety of analytic practices,
it's rooted in different social
and humanities disciplines.
- PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
- Describes the meaning for
several individuals of the
lived experiences of a
concept of phenomenon.
- Focuses on describing
what all participants have
in common as they
experience a
phenomenon.
- Purpose: To reduce
individual experiences
with a phenomenon
description of the
universal essence.
- Purpose: To reduce
individual experiences
with a phenomenon
description of the
universal essence.
- Focuses on describing
what all participants have
in common as they
experience a
phenomenon.
- Popular in the
social and health
sciences.
- It draws heavily
on the writings
of Edmund
Husserl
- Phenomenological
Perspectives
- A return to the
traditional task of
philosophy.
- A
philosophy
without
pressupositions.
- The
intentionalism of
consciousness
- The refusal
of the
subject-object
dichotomy.
- A return to the
traditional task of
philosophy.
- Types of
phenomenological
- Hermeneutical
Phenomenology
- Research oriented
toward lived experience
and interpreting texts of
life.
- Research oriented
toward lived experience
and interpreting texts of
life.
- Empirical:
Trascendental
Phenomenology.
- Draws on the Duquesne
Studies of
Phenomenological
Psychology.
- Identifying a phenomenon
to study bracketing out
one's experiences and
collecting data from several
persons who have
experienced the
phenomenon.
- Draws on the Duquesne
Studies of
Phenomenological
Psychology.
- Hermeneutical
Phenomenology
- Procedure
- 1. Determine if the research is best examined
using a phenomenological approach. 2. Recognize
and specify the broad philosophical assumption
of phenomenology. 3. Data collection from
individuals who have experienced the
phenomenon. 4. Participants are asked: What
have you experienced in terms of the
phenomenon? What contexts or situations have
typically influenced your experiences of the
phenomenon? 5. Phenomenological data analysis.
6. Write the textural description (using
imaginaytive variation or structured description.
7. White the essential, invariant structure
(essence)
- 1. Determine if the research is best examined
using a phenomenological approach. 2. Recognize
and specify the broad philosophical assumption
of phenomenology. 3. Data collection from
individuals who have experienced the
phenomenon. 4. Participants are asked: What
have you experienced in terms of the
phenomenon? What contexts or situations have
typically influenced your experiences of the
phenomenon? 5. Phenomenological data analysis.
6. Write the textural description (using
imaginaytive variation or structured description.
7. White the essential, invariant structure
(essence)
- Describes the meaning for
several individuals of the
lived experiences of a
concept of phenomenon.
- GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH
- Developed in 1967
by Barney Glaser
and Anselm Strauss
- Purpose: To move beyond
description and to generate or
discover a theory, an abstract
analytical schema of a process
- Qualitative Research design in which the
inquirer generates a general explanation
(theory) of a process, action or interaction
shaped by the views of a large number of
participants.
- Types of grounded
studies
- Systematic Approach
(Strauss- Corbin)
- Constructivist
Approach
(Charmaz)
- Systematic Approach
(Strauss- Corbin)
- Procedure
- 1. Determine if grounded theory is best
suited to study his or her research problem.
2. The research questions that the inquirer
asks participants will focus on understanting
how individuals experience the process and
identifying the steps in the process. 3. Ask
the questions to the participant. 4. Data
analysis. 5. Axial coding. 6. Selecting coding.
7. Develop and visually portray a conditional
matrix. 8. Theory, a substantive-level theory.
- 1. Determine if grounded theory is best
suited to study his or her research problem.
2. The research questions that the inquirer
asks participants will focus on understanting
how individuals experience the process and
identifying the steps in the process. 3. Ask
the questions to the participant. 4. Data
analysis. 5. Axial coding. 6. Selecting coding.
7. Develop and visually portray a conditional
matrix. 8. Theory, a substantive-level theory.
- Developed in 1967
by Barney Glaser
and Anselm Strauss
- ETHNOGRAPHY RESEARCH
- Ethnography
focuses on an
entire cultural
group
- A way of studying a
cultural-sharing
group as well as the
final, written
product of that
research.
- Studies the behavior
the language, and the
interaction among of
the culture-sharing
group.
- Studies the behavior
the language, and the
interaction among of
the culture-sharing
group.
- A way of studying a
cultural-sharing
group as well as the
final, written
product of that
research.
- Qualitative design in
which the researcher
describes and
interprets the shared
and learned patterns
of values, behaviors.
and language of a
culture-sharing group.
- Includes:
extended
observations
of the groups
(participant
observations)
- Origin: in the
comparative
cultural
anthropological
conducted by the
20th century
anthropologist.
- Types of ethnographies
- Realist ethnography
- Reflects a particular
stance taken by the
researcher toward the
individuals being
studied
- Reflects a particular
stance taken by the
researcher toward the
individuals being
studied
- Critical ethnography
- The author advocate for the
emancipation of groups,
marginalized in society.
- The author advocate for the
emancipation of groups,
marginalized in society.
- Realist ethnography
- PROCEDURE
- 1. Determine if the most
appropriate design to use
to study the research
problem. 2. Identify and
locate a culture sharing
group to study. 3. Select
themes of issues to study
the groups. 4. To study the
concept, determine which
type et ethnography to use.
5. Gather information
where the group works and
lives (fieldwork)
- 1. Determine if the most
appropriate design to use
to study the research
problem. 2. Identify and
locate a culture sharing
group to study. 3. Select
themes of issues to study
the groups. 4. To study the
concept, determine which
type et ethnography to use.
5. Gather information
where the group works and
lives (fieldwork)
- Ethnography
focuses on an
entire cultural
group
- CASE STUDY RESEARCH
- Involves the study of an
issue explored through
one or more cases
within a bounded
system.
- Popular in psychology,
law, medicine and
political science.
- Qualitative approach in which the
investigator explores a bound
system (a case) or multiple bound
system (cases) over time, through
detailed, in-depth data collection
involving multiple cases.
- Types of case studies
- Instrumental
case study
- Researcher
focuses on an
issue or
concern and
then selects
one bounded
case to
illustrate the
issue.
- Researcher
focuses on an
issue or
concern and
then selects
one bounded
case to
illustrate the
issue.
- Collective
case study
- (Multiple case
study)... the one
issue or concern is
again selected, but
the inquirer selects
multiple case
studies to illustrate
the issue.
- (Multiple case
study)... the one
issue or concern is
again selected, but
the inquirer selects
multiple case
studies to illustrate
the issue.
- Intrinsic case
study
- The focus is on the case itself
(e.g., evaluating a program,
or studying a student having
difficulty because the case
presents an unusual or
unique situation.
- The focus is on the case itself
(e.g., evaluating a program,
or studying a student having
difficulty because the case
presents an unusual or
unique situation.
- Instrumental
case study
- Procedures
- 1. Determine if a case study
approach is appropriate to the
research problem. 2. Identify their
case or cases. 3. Data collection.
Draw on multiple sources of
information, such as observations,
interviews, documents, and
audiovisual materials. 4. The type of
analysis of these data can be a
holistic analysis of the entire case or
an embedded analysis of a specific
aspect of the case. 5. Interpretive
phase, the researcher reports the
meaning of the case, whether that
meaning comes from learning about
the issue of the case (an
instrumental case) or learning about
an unusual situation (an intrinsic
case).
- 1. Determine if a case study
approach is appropriate to the
research problem. 2. Identify their
case or cases. 3. Data collection.
Draw on multiple sources of
information, such as observations,
interviews, documents, and
audiovisual materials. 4. The type of
analysis of these data can be a
holistic analysis of the entire case or
an embedded analysis of a specific
aspect of the case. 5. Interpretive
phase, the researcher reports the
meaning of the case, whether that
meaning comes from learning about
the issue of the case (an
instrumental case) or learning about
an unusual situation (an intrinsic
case).
- Involves the study of an
issue explored through
one or more cases
within a bounded
system.
- By: Ruth V.
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