CONFLICT

CONFLICT

Marxian Conflict Theory:
1. Conflict is seen as a product of social living
2. One's social class under capitalist economy determines thoughts
  1. Material Determinism
Symbolic Interaction theory
1. Meaning of language and artifacts determine our thinking and conceptualization of social relationships
2. Human development and interpersonal interaction
3. human individuals develop their personalities through interaction with others, by exchanging meaningful symbols with each other for the purpose of defining themselves.
Family conflicts
1. Endogenous Conflicts
  1. Situation is defined as a conflict by agreement of party involved
2. Exogenous Conflicts
  1. No pre-existing system for the resolution of this type of conflict - "hate your guts"
3. Symmetrical Structures
  1. members of the marital dyad have the same resources and perceive their power base as equal
Qualitative Studies
1. Conflict as rooted in meaning - experience, emotions and interpretation
2. Phenomenological
  1. conflict as constructed by participants’ experiences in group, community and social interactions.
3. Social Construction
  1. Norms for conflict and definition of conflict are worked through communication, rituals, and expectations of members
4. Critical/cultural studies
  1. conflict embedded in a society’s power structures (economic, social, cultural, ideological
  2. defines and normalizes power
Neurobiology
1. Responses
  1. Low road - judgement, reactive, reflexive
  2. High road - thoughtful, reflective
2. Mirror neurons
  1. catching moods, reflecting emotions back, empathy
3. Neuroplascitiy
  1. Neurons can be turned on and off based on experience
Cognitive Theories
1. Attribution Theory
  1. Interpersonal Judgements (quick)
  2. How we interpret events
    1. environment
    2. personal effect
    3. ability
    4. effort
  3. eg. sister getting job @ Starbucks
2. Social Judgement Theory
  1. How we make judgements about new info
  2. anchors; based on experience
3. Heuristical Errors
  1. Bandwagon Effect (groupthink)
    1. tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same
  2. Ambiguity Effect
    1. tendency to avoid options for which missing information makes the probability seem "unknown.”
  3. Confirmation Bias
    1. tendency to search for or interpret information or memories in a way that confirms one's preconceptions
  4. Illusion of control
    1. tendency to overestimate one's degree of influence over other external events
  5. Just-world Hypothesis
    1. the tendency for people to want to believe that the world is fundamentally just, causing them to rationalize an otherwise inexplicable injustice as deserved by the victim
  6. Negativity Bias
    1. tendency to pay more attention and give more weight to negative than positive experiences or other kinds of information.
4. Cognitive Dissonance
  1. "engine that drives self-justification, the energy that produce the need to justify our actions and decisions - especially the wrong ones"
    1. Tavris and Arnson pg. 13 “Mistakes were made but not by me”
Sociopsychological Theories
1. Communication Accomodation Theory
  1. how we adjust our behaviour to the actions of others
    1. voice volume, pace, body language
    2. convergence/divergence
2. Expectancy Violation Theory
  1. when nonverbal behaviours don’t match our expectation or experience
    1. eye contact, body language, volume
3. Interpersonal Deception Theory
  1. when and how we detect someone not being honest
Organizational Conflict
1. Expressed struggle or disagreement between and among people who work together to achieve common goals
2. Instrumental
  1. Looks at what activities are involved to achieve our goals and manage conflict
3. Developmental
  1. challenges that arise through the key phases in the group’s development
4. Political
  1. dominant and subordinate groups and how they interact to create or mitigate change
Negotiation
1. opposing parties settle their differences on their own, without any third party to assist them
Mediation
1. Offers nonadversarial alternative solutions and helps draft final settlement - designate mediator
Arbitration
1. Third-party neutral makes a legally binding or nonbinding decision on the case.
2. Parties loose control of the decision
International Conflict
1. Embedded in longstanding differences and inequalities - Colonialism, humans rights abuses
2. ROLE OF RELIGION
  1. Behaviour - communal acts;rituals; rules of interaction as part of a membership to a community - important
  2. Belief - socially constructed roles, guides religious behaviour but not necessarily dependent on the other
  3. Faith - emotional response, personal experience or interpretation
  4. Certain faiths are flexible/inflexible
    1. i.e. Christian Fundamentalists – either/or outcome (reproductive and LGBTQ rights)
      1. i.e. Muslims - Quaran encourages forgiveness, patience, and similar principles - compromise or avoid conflict altogether
  5. Fundamentalism
    1. indicating unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs... can be dangerous
3. Just War Theory
  1. 1. Just cause/right intention: A just war must be fought only for purposes of self-defense against armed attack or to right a serious wrong.
  2. 2. Proper authority: A war is just only if waged by a legitimate authority.
  3. 3. Last resort: A just war must be the last resort; all peaceful options must be exhausted before the use of force can be justified.
  4. 4. Probability of success: There must be a reasonable chance of success; deaths and injury that result from a hopeless cause cannot be morally justified.
  5. 5. Beneficial outcome: The outcome of the war must be better than the situation that would exist had the war not taken place.
  6. 6. Proportionality: The violence and destruction must be proportional to the injury suffered.
Cultural Conflicts
1. Positionality
  1. One's social location or position of power within an intersecting web of socially constructed hierarchical categories (race, gender, religion)
2. Standpoint Theory
  1. A place from which to view and make sense of the world around us (influences what we do and see)
3. Ethnocentrism
  1. Our own group's way of thinking, being and acting in the world is superior
    1. leads to negative evaluations, discrimination... used to justify colonization, oppression, war
4. Cultural identity
  1. Sense of self shaped by our cultural experiences and social locations
  2. Different interpretations based on dominant/non dominant individuals in society
Social Movements - advocacy for change socially/politically
1. Types
  1. Alternative
    1. Champions individual (often marginalized) behaviours or characteristics
      1. EG. LGBTQ, MADD
  2. Reformative
    1. Advocates gradual change to certain aspects of society Liberalism; Socialism; Religious in nature
      1. EG. WOMEN'S SUFFERAGE
  3. Redemptive
    1. Change individual perceptions of a topic through radical action Fundamentalist Religions and Cults
  4. Revoluntionary
    1. Advancing exclusive competing claims to control of the state; overthrow the government
      1. EG. AMERICAN REVOLUTION
2. Elements
  1. Campaigns
    1. sustained, organized, public
  2. Repetoire
    1. public action - includes meetings, demos, events, rallies
  3. WVNC Strategies
    1. participants publicly demonstrate Worthiness, Unity, Numbers, and Commitment
3. Theories
  1. Deprivation Theory - social movements have their foundations among people who feel deprived of some good(s) or resource(s).
  2. Marxist Theory - conflict b/t industrial workers and their capitalist employers in the 19th century.
  3. Mass society theory - social movements made up of ppl in large societies who feel insignificant/socially detached.
  4. Framing perspective - must develop an injustice frame to mobilize ppl - a collection of ideas & symbols that illustrate both how significant the problem is, as well as what the movement can do to alleviate it

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