Labour movements XVIII and XIX Centuries

During the XVIII and XIX Centuries, social movements were predominantly labour movements.
1. Age of protests
Main causes
1. Change in work organisation and life (society and economy)
2. Formation of capitalist system
3. Social inequality = capitalists and proletariat
4. Harsh living conditions
5. Lack of health and work security
6. Capitalists only wanted to increase their wealth
7. Unequal share of richness
The Luddites
1. Aims
  1. Put pressure on bosses to avoid dismissals
  2. Improve working conditions
2. Origins
  1. England, 1811 - 1812
  2. Ned Ludd
3. Thoughts
  1. Against machinery, they believed they cause unemployment and low salaries
4. Actions
  1. Destruction of machinery
    1. Set fire to factories and employers' residences
Chartism
1. 10 hours of work per day (1847)
2. Labour Party (1900)
3. People's Charter = William Lovett 1838
4. Six demands
  1. Universal manhood suffrage
  2. Equal electoral districts
  3. Vote by ballot (secret vote)
  4. Annually elected Parliaments
  5. Payment of members of Parliament
  6. Abolition of the property qualifications for membership
Worker's associations
1. Mutual organisations that would protect workers
  1. Strikes
  2. Sickness
  3. Accidents
  4. Death/widowhood
2. Combination Acts deemed them illegal between 1799 and 1800
3. In 1824 trade unions become legal.
Women were excluded from unionizing, membership until the 20th century
1. Women's Protective and Provident League (WPPL) 1870
  1. Women's Trade Union Association had little impact
2. In 1875 and 1888 two women-led strikes had a greater impact for women's working rights

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Labour movements XVIII and XIX Centuries

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