2.2.1 Alcohols

2.2.1 Alcohols

solubility
1. OH on water and alcohol molecules form hydrogen bonds
Volatility
1. Relatively high boiling & melting points due to hydrogen bonding = low volatility
Fermentation
1. C6H8O6 --> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
2. Low temperatures + No oxygen + yeast
3. Max % = 14
Hydration of ethene
1. ethene + H2O --> ethanol
2. steam and acid catalyst
3. reversible reaction: only 5% produced each time
Uses of Alcohols
1. Fuel
  1. 10% ethanol + petroleum = higher octane grade + burns more clearly
2. Alcoholic Drinks
  1. brewed
  2. Distilled
3. Methylated spirits
  1. ethanol + methanol + dye
  2. tax free
  3. solvent
  4. spirit lamps
Primary alcohol
1. 1/no alkyl groups
Secondary alcohol
1. 2 alkyl groups
Tertiary alcohol
1. 3 alkyl groups
Combustion
1. In excess oxygen to produce CO2 and oxygen
Oxidation
1. oxidising reagant for primary + secondary alcohols
  1. acidified potassium dichromate
    1. will turn from orange to green
  2. sulfuric acid
2. Primary & Secondary
  1. acidified potassium dichromate
    1. primary = aldehyde
    2. secondary = ketones
Esterification
1. alcohol + carboxylic acid + acid catalyst
2. warm the alcohol
3. produces an ester + water
Dehydration
1. Forms an alkene
2. heated for 40 minutes
3. in the presence of an acid catalyst
  1. phosphoric acid
  2. sulfuric acid

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

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