Russia 1905-1941

Revolutions...
1. Long-term causes of the Russia Revolution
  1. February or March-October or November? the Russian calendar was 13 days behind the rest of the world, so its February Revolution actually took place in March, and what was called the October Revolution happened in November!
  2. All the institutions that supported the monarchy- such as the Church, the nobility and the faithful loyalty of the peasants- ame from the Middle Ages.
  3. New, modern forces were threatening the monarchy such as the middle class, an industrial working class and Marxism
  4. The Romanov dynasty had lasted 300 years but Nicholas ll, who ascended the throne in 1894, turned out to be that last Tsar of Russia.
2. The first WW and the February revolution
  1. The first WW had two main effects on Russia : firstly a huge number of men lost their lives, and secondly it caused economic chaos. On 8 March 1917 women in St Petersburg went on a strike for 'bread and peace', starting the February Revolution.
  2. In February 1914 the Deputy Minister of the Interior and former head of police sent a memo to the tsar warning him that a war against Germany even if Russia won - would destroy the monarchy.
  3. Lots of men were murdered Tsarina wrote to the Tsar blaming hooligans for the trouble. The Tsar tried to get back from the front on 13 March, but it was too late. None of the soldiers were loyal and his train could not get through to St Petersburg.
3. What was to blame ?
  1. The February Revolution of 1917 brought the 300-years-old Romanov dynasty to an end.
  2. Russia was old-fashion and weak- it collapsed because it was unsuitable.
  3. The First WW- Its huge problems and disasters overturned a monarchy that had, so far, managed to survive.
  4. The stupidly of the Tsar- his decisions and actions cost him his throne.
Bolsheviks...
1. Lenin and Bolshevik Revoluton
  1. 'The February revolution was spontaneous; the October revolution was planned'.
  2. You may well have heard or read other statements like this about the two Russian revolutions of 1917, but what is the evidence ?
2. The NEP
  1. After the civil war, Lenin revised his economic policy and introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP)
  2. Through this, peasants were allowed to run businesses.
  3. Either Lenin succeeded or failed !
3. The Civil War
  1. The Bolshevik takeover was not welcomed by everyone. Those who had been loyal to the Tsar and foreign power were alarmed by the revolution so they joined together under the banner of the Whites to defeat the Bolsheviks.
  2. Lenin dismissed the Constituent Assembly and ruled by decree.
  3. The Bolsheviks instituted a Red Terror that killed anyone who opposed them - strikers were shot, and Trotsky even arrested the families of Red generals to keep them loyal.
  4. Trotsky organised and inspired the Red Army.
Stalin...
1. Five year-plan
  1. To do this, Stalin introduced the Five year-plan.
  2. Stalin realised that if Russia was to become key player to the global market, the country needed to industrialise rapidly and increase production.
2. Collectivasation
  1. After years of resistance and families Stalin eventually executed thoes who resisted, or sent to labour camps.
  2. Stalin's Five year-plan dealt with industrial production, but something had be done about the food supply so Stalin introduced collectivisation.
3. Stalin's takeover power
  1. It would be easy to assume that the natural successor to Lenin would be Leon Trotsky.
  2. Often Trotsky was regarded as the second in command. But Joseph Stalin, the secretary of the Communist Party, got the job.

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Russia 1905-1941

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