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2257915
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Beschreibung
the immune system, from the Campbell AP Bio book, 9th (?) edition
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mia820
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
INNATE IMUNITY
characteristics
present before any exposure
@ birth
nonspecific (small set of receptors)
rapid response
external barriers
skin/exoskeleton
low pH
mucous membrane secretions
urinary
respiratory
reproductive
MUCUS> traps microbes
hostile enviro to microbes
tears
saliva
internal cellular/chemical defences
phagocytic cells
HEMOCYTES in invertebrates
vertebrates
recognizes pathogens by TLRs
white blood cell eats microbe > fuses w/lysosome to destroy it
NEUTROPHILS engulf & destroy
MACROPHAGES found all over
DENDRITIC CELLS stimulate adaptive i.
eosinophils discharge destructive enzymes
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
circulate in body & detect abnormal cells
release chemicals > apoptosis
antimicrobial proteins
lysozyme
INTERFERON interferes w/virus, helps activate macrophages
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM causes lysis & helps trigger inflammation
inflammatory response
MAST CELLS release HISTAMINES
blood vessels dilate
neutrophils phagocytosize pathogens
activated macrophages & neutrophils > CYTOKINES (enhance immune response)
local vs. systemic
septic shock
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
characteristics
develops after exposure
v. specific (vast array of receptors)
slower response
humoral response
antibodies vs. pathogens in body fluids
H-T cell binds to pathogen via class II MHC
cytokines from H-T cells > B cell proliferates
makes memory B cells & PLASMA CELLS (antibody-secreting effectors)
B cell a.r. binds to antigen
cells secrete ANTIBODIES (Ig)
Anmerkungen:
similar to b antigen receptors only not attached to the b cell
marks pathogen for destruction
opsonization (making targets for phagocytosis
antigen-antibody complex + complement protein > complement protein activation > pores > lysis
bind to pathogen surface proteins to prevent infection
bind to toxins in fluids to stop them from entering body cells
classes of Ig
IgD: membrane bound
IgM: 1st soluble produced
igG: 2nd soluble, must abundant
IgA & IgE: soluble
light vs heavy regions
variable vs. constant regions
relies on T (thymus) and B (bone) LYMPHOCYTES
ANTIGEN substance that causes response from T/B cell
ANTIGEN RECEPTOR on T/B cells activate them when they come into contact w/pathogens
EPITOPE bit of antigen that binds to antigen receptor
cell mediated response
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS vs infected body cells
helper T cell cytokines
recognize frag of foreign proteins from infected cells
bind to class I MHC
secretes proteins that disrupt membranes of target cells > apoptosis
alpha and beta chains
variable vs constant regions
t cells bind to antigen fragments displayed/presented in host cell (ANTIGEN PRESENTATION0
MHC MOLECULES host proteins that display antigen bits
B & T cell development
diversity of lymphocytes & receptors
rearrangement of same gene > variety of chains
self tolerance
lymphocytes tested for receptors that may be spec. to body's own molecules > apoptosis /nonfunctional if positive
proliferation
CLONAL SELECTION
immunological memory
EFFECTOR CELLS act immediately
MEMORY CELLS make effector cells if antigen is encountered again
PRIMARY vs. SECONDARY immune response
HELPER T CELLS trigger both h and c-m responses
signals from H-T > antibodies > pathogens neutralized + T cells activated
ANTIGEN PRESENTING-CELLS have MHC molecules
MHC binds to helper T cell
H-T cell activated
proliferates & forms clone
activates appropropriate B cells
active vs passive
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
naturally develops from memory cells
or from IMMUNIZATION/ VACCINATION
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
immediate, short-term
mother > fetus via placenta/ breast milk
artificially injecting antibodies
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