Henry VII Foreign Policy

Navigation Act 1485
1. Aims
  1. To forbade English merchants loading their goods onto a foreign ship, if English ships were avaliable
    1. An example of this would be the trade regarding Gascony wine
2. Was with France
3. Success
  1. It began Henry off in the trading world, he began to build up English trade and the use of the English ships
  2. The use of English merchants instead of foreign powers showed Henry;s attempt to improve economy and build England up as a power country in Europe
4. Failure
  1. It angered other countries
  2. Put trade companies such as the Hanseatic league at risk
5. Navigation Act 1489
  1. Was with France
  2. Aim
    1. For at least 50% of the crew on an English ship to be English
Medina Del Campo 1489
1. Aims
  1. The Medina Del Campo was signed after the formation of Aragon and Castille in 1492. Henry signed a treaty with them for his son, and heir, Arthur, to marry their second eldest daugher, Catherine. Additionally, the treay also gave much benefits with fixed low rate on trade, which helped trades between England and Spain
2. Success
  1. The Medina Del Campo was a success as it let Henry, a usurper be recognised by the most powerful country in Europe to be the King
  2. Henry could secure the Tudor dynasty with Arthur marrying a woman of great political power
  3. Economic benefits with a dowry of £100,000 coming to Henry, helped as England was almost bankrupt at the time
  4. It created an anti-French alliance, for his Spain were to invade France then England would be bound to join
3. Failure
  1. Excluded from exploration
    1. One of the terms for the treaty was for England to stay out of the New World exploration
    2. Spain had Christopher Columbus who found America
    3. England had John and Sebastian Cabot
    4. Due to English trade with Spain being low with customs England still got access to the spices, fruit, tobacco and coffee
Treaty of Redon 1489
1. Aims
  1. Signed in February and Henry made an agreement with Ferdinand and Maximilian to build an anti-French alliance while Bretons agreed to cover the cost of 300 strong Army
2. Success
  1. Ensured that Henry was supporting Brittany when the French invaded
    1. Henry had been exile in Brittany from 1471 to 1485
      1. Began the help as a favour
        Ended up sending 6000 troops to fight
3. Failure
  1. Caused much friction with France and England
    1. They did not go to war so Henry issued an apology to France to ensure they were on good terms
Treaty of Windsor 1506
1. Aims
  1. The treaty of Windsor came about when Philip of Burgundy was shipwrecked on the English coast
    1. Henry bullied into him to the agreement that was the Malus Intercursus, but France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman, Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the negotiations
2. Success
  1. The treaty would have destroyed the Burgundy economy, as no custom duties would have had to be paid.
    1. Would have helped English Trade
3. Failures
  1. All the countries had rejected the idea of the Malus Intercursus, this meant that they percieved it as an evil agreement
  2. Philip died before anything could happen so ultimately there was no negative or positive changes
League of Cambrai 1508
1. Aims
  1. League of Cambrai was set up in order to prevent the mercenary forces of Venice expanding any further
2. Success
  1. Henry was included
    1. A year before his death his foreign policy was failing
    2. Still seen as a power
  2. Left other countries concerned about Italy and not focused on England
3. Failures
  1. Henry was only included when he asked to be
    1. He was vulnerable and only included at the end
  2. Henry's 24 year reign, all foreign policy he had built up was now ending
    1. Ultimately caused by the death of Isabella of Castille
Treaty of Etaples 1493
1. Aims
  1. The treaty of Etaples was between France and England to compensate England for France's involvement with the Perkin Warbeck rebellion
  2. Also a way of resolving the Breaton crisis, in which Henry had gotten involved in to protect Brittany
2. Success
  1. Ensured that France would no longer support pretenders
    1. Helped Henry greatly on with rebellions
      1. Rebellions had threatened Henry's consolidation of power and foreign policy with the Medina Del Campo
  2. Financially helped with a French pension of £159,000 and an annual pension of £5000 which ultimately benefited Engand
3. Failures
  1. When Henry asked Louis XII if his niece would like to marry Henry VIII and was declined
    1. Declined for Ferdinand of Aragon was seen as more powerful
      1. Contradicted the Etaples treaty
Magnus Intercursus 1496
1. Aims
  1. To combat the 1493 embargo between Burgundy and England
    1. This was put on due to Burgundy's support of Lamber Simnel and Perkin Warbeck
2. Success
  1. Lead to trade in Burgundy, which had Antwero (centre of cloth trade) being free, minus Flanders
  2. Helped the economy recover after 3 year embargo
  3. Helped Henry with consolidation of power as Burgundy now began to accept Henry, the usurper as King
3. Failures
  1. Philip of Burgundy continued harbouring rebells
Truce of Ayton 1502
1. Aims
  1. First treaty between Scot and England for ages
  2. Led to the Union the Crowns 101 years later
    1. It lead to the marriage of Margaret Tudor, Henry's daughter and James IV
2. Success
  1. Alliance did not totally fix the relations between England and Scotland as there was still much hostility between the two countries but 101 years later later there was a unification of the country
  2. The treaty removed threat of the Auld Alliance
3. Failures
  1. Relations were still very hostile
    1. Treaty broke down in 1513 when James declared war on England to support the France
      1. Auld Alliance did in fact happen

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Henry VII Foreign Policy

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