Surgery & Anatomy

Prehistoric
1. Trephining
  1. Cut a Hole into skull to release Bad Spirits
  2. Skulls show evidence that wound healed
  3. Influenced by religion
2. Cave paintings
  1. show animals being speared through the heart which shows an understanding that the heart is an important organ.
3. Natural
  1. Used Splints to stabilise broken bones
    1. This would make them heal naturally
  2. Amputations which some patients survived
  3. Set broken bones with mud
Egyptain
1. Mummification
  1. Removal of organs
    1. Religious Influence: To preserve the body for the after life
2. Channel Theory
  1. Heart connected throughout the body Vai Channels
3. Papyrus Scrolls
4. Limitations
  1. Embalmers (mummification-ers) were not doctors
    1. Passed on little knowledge about the internal organs.
    2. Internal organs were preserved in separate jars, so they were not dissected.
  2. Religion limitation: Human Dissections not allowed; whole body required for the after life
5. Operations
  1. Removal of Tumors
  2. Bandages & kept them clean
  3. Bronze Tools
  4. Cataracts removal
  5. Willow leaves to bind wounds
    1. Natural Antiseptic (Unknown to them)
  6. Only External Operations
Greek
1. Operations
  1. Only External Operations
    1. Cataracts + Tumor removal
  2. Hippocrates
    1. 4 humors
      1. Black Bile
      2. Blood
      3. Phlegm
      4. Yellow Bile
  3. Blood Letting
    1. Scientific or Psychological?
2. Dissections allowed
3. Erasistratus
  1. Discovered the heart contained 4 one way valves
4. Herophilus
  1. Discovered that the Brain controls the body
Roman
1. Galen
  1. Wrongly Claimed...
    1. There are holes in the heart
    2. Lived makes blood from food
    3. The Jaw is made from 2 bones
    4. Brain has blood vessels on the under surface
2. Church forbayed dissections
3. Light Anestetics
  1. Opium
Middle Ages
1. Many roman records burnt & destroyed
Renaissance
19th Century
20th Century
Modern
Islam
1. Cauterised wounds with hot iron
2. Abulcasis
  1. Wrote Books
    1. Do not operate while the pains cause is unknown
3. Dentists
  1. False teeth
4. Cataracts & Tumor Removal

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Surgery & Anatomy

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