Cardiovascular System

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
1. "Heart Attack"
  1. Caused by Ischemia, usually a blocked artery
2. RISK FACTORS
  1. Smoking
  2. Coronary thrombus
  3. Aortic Stenosis
  4. Cocaine Use
3. TESTS
  1. ECG
  2. Serum Levels of Cardiac Enzymes
4. MEDICATIONS
  1. Thrombolytic agents (streptokinase, urokinase, t-PA)
  2. Pain Relievers
  3. Heparin Therapy
5. OUTCOMES
  1. Depends size, location, and amount of damage
6. BLOOD COMPONENTS
  1. Blood cholesterol
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
1. Unable to pump enough blood to body
2. RISK FACTORS
  1. HTN
  2. Cardiac Conditions
  3. Obesity
  4. Stress
3. TESTS
  1. ECG
  2. Echocardiogram
4. MEDICATIONS
  1. ACE Inhibitors
  2. Diuretics
  3. Betablockers
5. OUTCOME
  1. 10-50% Mortality rate depending on severity
  2. Earlier diagnosis=better prognosis
HYPERTENSION
1. Higher than 140/90 mm Hg
2. RISK FACTORS
  1. Smoking
  2. Obesity
  3. High Cholesterol
  4. Genetics
  5. High Sodium Intake
3. BLOOD COMPONENTS
  1. Blood Cholesterol
4. TESTS
  1. Blood Pressure
  2. ECG
  3. Complete Blood Count
  4. Urinalysis
  5. Serum Potassium
  6. Cholesterol
5. MEDICATIONS
  1. Antihypertensive
    1. Diuretics
    2. Adrenergic Blockers
    3. Calcium Antagonists
    4. ACE Inhibitors
6. OUTCOME
  1. Uncontrolled
    1. Angina Pectoris, Stroke, Thrombotic occlusion
HEMOPHILIA
1. RISK FACTORS
  1. Parent is carrier
  2. Parent has disease
2. Bleeding disorder with clotting deficiencies
3. TESTS
  1. Cord blood sample
  2. CBC
  3. Clotting Factor Assays
  4. Activated partial thromboplastin time
4. MEDICATIONS
  1. No cure
  2. Factor replacement therapy
5. OUTCOME
  1. Medical treatment prolongs life and improves quality of life
6. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
  1. Clotting Factors
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
1. Disorder of RBC with abnormal Hemoglobin (Hb S)
  1. RISK FACTORS
    1. Both parents with Hb S gene
      1. Parent w/ Hb S & parent w/ Hb C
    2. BLOOD COMPONENTS
      1. Red Blood Cells
      2. TESTS
        Universal screening
        Sickle turbidity test
        Electrophoresis
        Amniocentesis or Chorionic Villus
        MEDICATIONS
        Pain Relievers
        IV Fluids
        Antibiotics
        Hydroxyurea
        OUTCOMES
        Life Expectancy: M- 42 y.o.; F- 48 y.o.
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
1. RISK FACTORS
  1. Smoking
    1. High Total Serum Cholesterol
      1. HTN
        Diabetes
      2. Inactivity
    2. Obesity
  2. Blood Components
    1. TESTS
      1. Coronary angiography
        Echo- cardiography
      2. MEDICATIONS
        Aspirin
        Antiplatelet treatment
        Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers
        OUTCOMES
        <35 y.o. fatality rate; increase considerably until 75 y.o.
    2. Lipids
1. DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
  1. RISK FACTORS
    1. Recent venous thromboembolism
      1. Renal Transplant
    2. Major surgeries
      1. CABG
        Splenectomy
    3. BLOOD COMPONENTS
      1. Complete Blood Count
        Clotting Factors
        Fibrin
      2. MEDICATIONS
        Low-molecular-weight Heparin
        Longterm anticoagulants
        TESTS
        Doppler duplex ultrasonography
        OUTCOMES
        Depends on size, collateral circulation, and underlying cause
  2. Partial or complete venous clot
2. SHOCK
  1. Circulatory system unable to maintain enough pressure to supply organs
    1. RISK FACTORS
      1. Hypovolemia
        Decreased Systemic Vascular Resistance
      2. TESTS
        Blood pressure
        Systemic vascular resistance
BY: ERIN JOHNSON

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Cardiovascular System

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