Pentose Phosphate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

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Mindmap am Pentose Phosphate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis and Krebs cycle, erstellt von Daiana Alexandra Rios Sandoval am 03/10/2020.
Daiana Alexandra Rios Sandoval
Mindmap von Daiana Alexandra Rios Sandoval, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Daiana Alexandra Rios Sandoval
Erstellt von Daiana Alexandra Rios Sandoval vor fast 4 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Pentose Phosphate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
  1. Pentose Phosphate
    1. alternative route for glucose metabolism
      1. functions
        1. NADPH formation
          1. fatty acids and steroids synthesis
            1. maintenance of reduced glutathione for antioxidant activity
            2. ribose synthesis
              1. formation of nucleotides and nucleic acids
            3. reactions happens in the cytosol
              1. irreversible oxidative phase
                1. generates NADPH
                  1. 1) dehydrogenation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate
                    1. through 6-phosphogluconolactone formation
                      1. hydrolyzed by the enzyme gluconolactone hydrolase
                      2. catalyze by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
                        1. NADP dependent enzyme
                        2. 2) catalysis by 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
                          1. requires NADP+ as hydrogen receptor
                            1. decarbolixation
                              1. Ribulose-5-phosphate
                        3. reversible non-oxidative phase
                          1. generates ribose precursors
                            1. ribulose-5-phosphate
                              1. substrate for two enzymes
                                1. ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase
                                  1. ribose-5-phosphate ketoisomerase
                                    1. ribose-5-phosphate
                                      1. can be synthesized in all tissues
                                        1. very little ribose circulates in the bloodstream
                          2. active in
                            1. liver
                              1. adipose tissue
                                1. adrenal cortex
                                  1. thyroid
                                    1. red blood cells
                                      1. testicles
                                        1. lactating mammary glands
                                        2. pathologies
                                          1. genetic defects of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
                                            1. deterioration of the NADPH generation
                                              1. hemolytic anemia
                                                1. when susceptible individuals are subjected to oxidative stress
                                        3. Gluconeogenesis
                                          1. depletion of glycogen reserves
                                            1. reversal og glycolysis
                                              1. takes place mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the renal cortex
                                                1. 1) in the mitochondria
                                                  1. pyruvate is carboxylated to form oxalacetate
                                                    1. via the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
                                                      1. requires ATP and biotin as a coenzyme
                                                  2. 2) in the cytosol
                                                    1. oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and rearranged to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
                                                      1. via the enzyme PEP carboxykinase
                                                        1. requires GTP and Mg+ as a cofactor
                                                        2. 2-phosphoglycerate formation by hydration of PEP
                                                          1. convertion to 3-phosphoglycerate
                                                            1. 3-phosphoglycerate phosphorilation to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
                                                              1. via the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase
                                                                1. requires ATP
                                                                2. reduction to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
                                                                  1. NADH is the electron donor
                                                                    1. isomerization to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate
                                                                      1. form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
                                                                        1. dephosphorilation to form fructose 6-phosphate
                                                                          1. convertion to glucose 6-phosphate
                                                                            1. dephosphorylation to form glucose
                                                                              1. by glucose 6-phosphatase
                                                                                1. free to enter the bloodstream
                                                              2. major substrates
                                                                1. lactate
                                                                  1. glycerol
                                                                    1. glucogenic amino acids
                                                                      1. oxaloacetate
                                                                    2. endorgenic
                                                                      1. reactions can be regulated by
                                                                        1. glucagon
                                                                          1. insulin
                                                                            1. potent inhibitor of gluconeogenesis
                                                                          2. function
                                                                            1. maintain glucose levels on blood during fast
                                                                            2. pathologies
                                                                              1. hypoglycemia
                                                                                1. absence of glucose-6-phosphatase
                                                                                  1. excess of lactate
                                                                                  2. hyperglycemia
                                                                                    1. excessive gluconeogénesis
                                                                                      1. inadequate insulin production
                                                                                        1. inability to respond to insulin properly
                                                                                  3. Glycolysis
                                                                                    1. main pathway of glucose metabolism
                                                                                      1. happens in cytosol
                                                                                        1. aerobic
                                                                                          1. pyruvate goes to mitochondrias
                                                                                            1. transforms in acetyl-CoA
                                                                                              1. CO2 in krebs cycle
                                                                                          2. anaerobic
                                                                                            1. pyruvate
                                                                                              1. reduces to lactate
                                                                                                1. NADH oxidation
                                                                                                  1. another glucose molecule starts glycolysis
                                                                                                  2. red blood cells
                                                                                                    1. brain
                                                                                                      1. gastrointestinal tract
                                                                                                        1. renal marrow
                                                                                                          1. retina
                                                                                                            1. skin
                                                                                                      2. pathologies
                                                                                                        1. enzyme deficiency
                                                                                                          1. hemolytic anemia
                                                                                                            1. fatigue
                                                                                                              1. skeletal muscle
                                                                                                            2. thiamine deficiency
                                                                                                              1. reduction of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity
                                                                                                                1. lactic acidosis
                                                                                                          2. glucose
                                                                                                            1. phosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate
                                                                                                              1. hexokinase catalysis
                                                                                                                1. uses ATP as phosphate donor
                                                                                                                2. fructose-6-phosphate
                                                                                                                  1. phosphohexose isomerase
                                                                                                                    1. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate phosphorylation
                                                                                                                      1. phosphofructokinase-1
                                                                                                                        1. important in glycolysis speed regulation
                                                                                                                        2. divided by aldolase
                                                                                                                          1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
                                                                                                                            1. glyceraldehyde 3-phophate
                                                                                                                              1. are inter-converted by triosephosphate isomerase
                                                                                                                                1. oxidation to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
                                                                                                                                  1. by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                                    1. NAD dependent
                                                                                                                                    2. 3-phosphoglycerate
                                                                                                                                      1. by phosphoglycerate kinase
                                                                                                                                        1. forms 2 ATP
                                                                                                                                        2. 2-phosphoglycerate
                                                                                                                                          1. dehydration to form phosphoenolpyruvate
                                                                                                                                            1. phosphorylation by pyruvate kinase
                                                                                                                                              1. forms pyruvate
                                                                                                                                                1. forms 2 ATP
                                                                                                                          2. Krebs cycle
                                                                                                                            1. reactions in mitochondrion
                                                                                                                              1. reaction between remaining acetyl-CoA and dicarboxylic acid oxaloacetate
                                                                                                                                1. six-carbon citrate
                                                                                                                                  1. two CO2 molecules are released
                                                                                                                                    1. oxaloacetate regenerates
                                                                                                                                2. main pathway for the generation of ATP
                                                                                                                                  1. acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate
                                                                                                                                    1. catalyzed by citrate synthase
                                                                                                                                      1. forms citrate
                                                                                                                                        1. isomerization to isocitrate
                                                                                                                                          1. by aconitase enzyme
                                                                                                                                            1. isocitrate dehydrogenation to form
                                                                                                                                              1. isocyte dehydrogenase catalysis
                                                                                                                                                1. NAD+ dependent
                                                                                                                                                2. oxalosuccinate formation
                                                                                                                                                  1. alphacetoglutarate decarboxylation
                                                                                                                                                    1. requires Mg2+
                                                                                                                                                      1. by alphacetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
                                                                                                                                                        1. requires thiamine diphosphate, NAD+, FAD
                                                                                                                                                        2. succinyl-CoA formation
                                                                                                                                                          1. succinate
                                                                                                                                                            1. dehydrogenation to form fumarate
                                                                                                                                                              1. by succinate dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                                                                1. contains FAD
                                                                                                                                                                2. production of malato
                                                                                                                                                                  1. oxidation of malate to oxalacetate
                                                                                                                                                                    1. by malate dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                                                                      1. reduction of NAD+
                                                                                                                                                  2. results in
                                                                                                                                                    1. 3 NADH molecules
                                                                                                                                                      1. FADH2 for every acetyl-CoA catalized molecule
                                                                                                                                                        1. 10 ATP
                                                                                                                                                        2. involves in
                                                                                                                                                          1. transamination and deamination
                                                                                                                                                            1. aminoacid synthesis
                                                                                                                                                              1. gluconeogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                1. fatty acids synthesis

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