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Pentose Phosphate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
Beschreibung
Mindmap am Pentose Phosphate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis and Krebs cycle, erstellt von Daiana Alexandra Rios Sandoval am 03/10/2020.
Mindmap von
Daiana Alexandra Rios Sandoval
, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von
Daiana Alexandra Rios Sandoval
vor fast 4 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Pentose Phosphate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
Pentose Phosphate
alternative route for glucose metabolism
functions
NADPH formation
fatty acids and steroids synthesis
maintenance of reduced glutathione for antioxidant activity
ribose synthesis
formation of nucleotides and nucleic acids
reactions happens in the cytosol
irreversible oxidative phase
generates NADPH
1) dehydrogenation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate
through 6-phosphogluconolactone formation
hydrolyzed by the enzyme gluconolactone hydrolase
catalyze by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
NADP dependent enzyme
2) catalysis by 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
requires NADP+ as hydrogen receptor
decarbolixation
Ribulose-5-phosphate
reversible non-oxidative phase
generates ribose precursors
ribulose-5-phosphate
substrate for two enzymes
ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase
ribose-5-phosphate ketoisomerase
ribose-5-phosphate
can be synthesized in all tissues
very little ribose circulates in the bloodstream
active in
liver
adipose tissue
adrenal cortex
thyroid
red blood cells
testicles
lactating mammary glands
pathologies
genetic defects of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deterioration of the NADPH generation
hemolytic anemia
when susceptible individuals are subjected to oxidative stress
Gluconeogenesis
depletion of glycogen reserves
reversal og glycolysis
takes place mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the renal cortex
1) in the mitochondria
pyruvate is carboxylated to form oxalacetate
via the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
requires ATP and biotin as a coenzyme
2) in the cytosol
oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and rearranged to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
via the enzyme PEP carboxykinase
requires GTP and Mg+ as a cofactor
2-phosphoglycerate formation by hydration of PEP
convertion to 3-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate phosphorilation to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
via the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase
requires ATP
reduction to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
NADH is the electron donor
isomerization to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate
form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
dephosphorilation to form fructose 6-phosphate
convertion to glucose 6-phosphate
dephosphorylation to form glucose
by glucose 6-phosphatase
free to enter the bloodstream
major substrates
lactate
glycerol
glucogenic amino acids
oxaloacetate
endorgenic
reactions can be regulated by
glucagon
insulin
potent inhibitor of gluconeogenesis
function
maintain glucose levels on blood during fast
pathologies
hypoglycemia
absence of glucose-6-phosphatase
excess of lactate
hyperglycemia
excessive gluconeogénesis
inadequate insulin production
inability to respond to insulin properly
Glycolysis
main pathway of glucose metabolism
happens in cytosol
aerobic
pyruvate goes to mitochondrias
transforms in acetyl-CoA
CO2 in krebs cycle
anaerobic
pyruvate
reduces to lactate
NADH oxidation
another glucose molecule starts glycolysis
red blood cells
brain
gastrointestinal tract
renal marrow
retina
skin
pathologies
enzyme deficiency
hemolytic anemia
fatigue
skeletal muscle
thiamine deficiency
reduction of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity
lactic acidosis
glucose
phosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate
hexokinase catalysis
uses ATP as phosphate donor
fructose-6-phosphate
phosphohexose isomerase
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate phosphorylation
phosphofructokinase-1
important in glycolysis speed regulation
divided by aldolase
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-phophate
are inter-converted by triosephosphate isomerase
oxidation to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
NAD dependent
3-phosphoglycerate
by phosphoglycerate kinase
forms 2 ATP
2-phosphoglycerate
dehydration to form phosphoenolpyruvate
phosphorylation by pyruvate kinase
forms pyruvate
forms 2 ATP
Krebs cycle
reactions in mitochondrion
reaction between remaining acetyl-CoA and dicarboxylic acid oxaloacetate
six-carbon citrate
two CO2 molecules are released
oxaloacetate regenerates
main pathway for the generation of ATP
acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate
catalyzed by citrate synthase
forms citrate
isomerization to isocitrate
by aconitase enzyme
isocitrate dehydrogenation to form
isocyte dehydrogenase catalysis
NAD+ dependent
oxalosuccinate formation
alphacetoglutarate decarboxylation
requires Mg2+
by alphacetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
requires thiamine diphosphate, NAD+, FAD
succinyl-CoA formation
succinate
dehydrogenation to form fumarate
by succinate dehydrogenase
contains FAD
production of malato
oxidation of malate to oxalacetate
by malate dehydrogenase
reduction of NAD+
results in
3 NADH molecules
FADH2 for every acetyl-CoA catalized molecule
10 ATP
involves in
transamination and deamination
aminoacid synthesis
gluconeogenesis
fatty acids synthesis
Medienanhänge
Ruta De La Pentosa Fosfato 10 728 (image/jpeg)
Nadp+ Phys (image/svg+xml)
Acidos Grasos (image/jpeg)
Nucleo Tido (image/jpeg)
Sitosol (image/jpeg)
G6p (image/jpeg)
1200px 6 Phosphogluconolactone.Svg (image/png)
Nadp+ Phys (image/svg+xml)
Ribose 5 Phosphate (image/png)
Nadp+ Phys (image/svg+xml)
Ribose 5 Phosphate (image/png)
Ribose 5 Phosphate (image/png)
Bloodstream (image/jpeg)
Adrenalglanddiagram (image/jpeg)
Images?Q=Tbn:A Nd9 Gc Tldkav Jv Gg Ap P Lmmb Y9rcr Qh917 Hqwk Woo Rw&Usqp=Cau (image/jpeg)
250px Yellow Adipose Tissue In Paraffin Section Lipids Washed Out (image/jpeg)
Dieta Higado (image/jpeg)
Ds00181 Ds00344 Ds00353 Ds00491 Ds00492 Ds00567 Ds00660 My00709 Im01872 Thyroid Gif (image/jpeg)
Bloodstream (image/jpeg)
Anemias Hemoliticas (image/jpeg)
Bloodstream (image/jpeg)
415px Animal Mitochondrion Diagram Es.Svg (image/png)
48781937 Molécula De ácido Oxaloacetic Oxalacetato Fórmula Química Estructural Y El Modelo Vector 2d Y 3d Aislado En F (image/jpeg)
Sitosol (image/jpeg)
9 Tohp Dh G Pg05p S Pe7zm8 Rh Enj Ius U39 Zy Sb Ypos6 Tp G3 Q Wwd Rx3l Scjq Im Rt0 Tbm Luz Z Xpmik Vhu0 O4p O 4 V Jn4 Ou (image/png)
1200px Glycerate 3 Phosphate.Svg (image/png)
G3 P 2 D Skeletal (image/png)
Nadp+ Phys (image/svg+xml)
1200px Dhap Struct.Svg (image/png)
245px Beta D Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphat2.Svg (image/png)
G6p (image/jpeg)
245px Alpha D Glucopyranose.Svg (image/png)
Bloodstream (image/jpeg)
48781937 Molécula De ácido Oxaloacetic Oxalacetato Fórmula Química Estructural Y El Modelo Vector 2d Y 3d Aislado En F (image/jpeg)
Insulin (image/jpeg)
Glucagón (image/png)
File (image/png)
703917b8868a4da31e1c3b8846c5ae84e5b073f3 (image/png)
245px Alpha D Glucopyranose.Svg (image/png)
G6p (image/jpeg)
245px Beta D Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphat2.Svg (image/png)
1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate (image/png)
Piruvato (image/jpeg)
245px Atp Xtal 3 D Balls (image/png)
415px Animal Mitochondrion Diagram Es.Svg (image/png)
1200px Acyl Co A2.Svg (image/png)
Piruvato (image/jpeg)
1200px Nad+ Phys.Svg (image/png)
Bloodstream (image/jpeg)
File 20200707 194423 102heg6.Jpg?Ixlib=Rb 1.1.0&Q=45&Auto=Format&W=1200&H=1200 (image/jpeg)
Article Image Minimal (image/png)
300px Ojo Humano (image/png)
Sitosol (image/jpeg)
Anemias Hemoliticas (image/jpeg)
Musculos E1539637775498 (image/jpeg)
415px Animal Mitochondrion Diagram Es.Svg (image/png)
48781937 Molécula De ácido Oxaloacetic Oxalacetato Fórmula Química Estructural Y El Modelo Vector 2d Y 3d Aislado En F (image/jpeg)
Citrate 2 D Skeletal (image/png)
Oxalosuccinato (image/png)
490px Succinyl Co A.Svg (image/png)
48781937 Molécula De ácido Oxaloacetic Oxalacetato Fórmula Química Estructural Y El Modelo Vector 2d Y 3d Aislado En F (image/jpeg)
1200px Nad+ Phys.Svg (image/png)
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