ESL Approaches and Methods

Grammatical Approach
1. Teacher Centered
  1. Memorization
    1. Isolated from Meaningful Context
    2. Drill and Practice
2. Methods
  1. Grammar-Translation
    1. Emphasis on reading, writing, and grammar
    2. Less oral language development
  2. Direct
    1. Immersion
    2. No L1 Support
    3. Open Ended Responses
  3. Audiolingual
    1. Sequenced Grammar Structures
    2. Minimal Use of L1
    3. Error correction, Drill, Repetitive Practice
Communicative
1. Student Centered
  1. Communication
    1. Meaningful acquisition of knowledge
  2. Constructivism
  3. Social Interaction
2. Methods
  1. Silent Way
    1. Teacher Model/Talking
    2. Repetition and signals
    3. Rarely content based
  2. Natural Way
    1. Comprehensible input
    2. Minimal error correction
    3. Acceptance of L1
  3. Suggestodpedia
    1. Relaxed physical setting
    2. Minimal Error Correction
    3. Use L1 for explanations
  4. Integrated Content-Based
    1. Focus on content and language integrations
    2. Thematic Units
  5. Sheltered Instruction
    1. Grade level modified curriculum
    2. Scaffolded instruction
    3. Visuals, cooperative learning, guarded vocabulary
    4. Protects students from anxiety, ambiguity, and confusion
Cognitive
1. Learner Centered
  1. Explicitly Teach Learning Strategies
2. Method: CALLA
  1. Developmentally appropriate langue instruction
  2. Focus on CALP (Content areas)
    1. L1
    2. L2
  3. Prior Knowledge
  4. Explicit Instruction
    1. Metacognitive
    2. Cognitive
    3. Social/Affective

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ESL Approaches and Methods

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