C1 C2 C3

C1 C2 C3

C1
1. Phase 1 - Volcanoes give out CO2. N & H2O
  1. Phase 2 - Photosynthesis & carbon locked
    1. Phase 3 - Complex organisms evolved
      1. Nitrogen -78%
      2. Oxygen - 21%
        Human activity
        Carbon dioxide
        Carbon monoxide
        Particulates
        Sulfur dioxide
        Impurities // acid rain
        Nitrogen oxides
        Monoxide - N2 & O2 - high temp
        Dixoide - more O2
        Acid rain
      3. Argon - 1%
2. Fossil fuels are HYDROCARBONS
  1. Burning fuels OXIDATION
    1. H+O2 - H20
    2. C +O2- CO2
      1. Inc. CO2 inc. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
        CO - incomplete // poisonous
        Particulate - incomplete // soot
    3. O2 lost REDUCTION
3. Reducing Pollution
  1. Sulfur removed from flue // WET SCRUBBING
    1. Seawater - dissolved // produce CO2, H2O & dissolved sulfate
    2. Alkaline Slurry - sprayed // solid waste product
  2. Catalytic Converter - CO into N & O (REDUCTION) // CO2 - (OXIDATION)
    1. Legal limit on emissions - MOT
  3. Biofuels (Carbon neutral)
    1. Renewable energy
  4. Electric batteries
C2
1. All materials made up of chemicals
  1. Plants - wood // cotton
  2. Animals - wool // silk
  3. Synthetic - nylon // rubber
    1. Plastic - hard, strong, stiff, low density, mouldable
      1. Nylon fibres - soft, flexible, good tensile strength
        Rubber - strong but flexible, mouldable
        Depends on materials
        Assess suitability
  4. Properties
    1. M.P
    2. Strength - resisting force
    3. Stiffness - not bending
    4. Hardness - difficult to cut
    5. Density - mass per unit volume
2. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
  1. Properties change as chain gets longer
    1. Short - low B.P
    2. Long - high B.P
    3. Strong covalent bonds - C & H
    4. Intermolecular forces diff. molecules
    5. Heated - extra energy
      1. move - overcome forces - gas
      2. covalent - stronger // don't break
  2. Separated by FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
    1. Groups w/diff B.P
      1. Fraction - similar B.P
        petrol
        Naptha
        Kerosene
        Diesel
        Lubricating oil
        Bitumen
        Petrochemical fuels & lubes
        Chemical synthesis - plastic, medicines, fertilisers
        Less useful split - hydrocarbons & ethene for plastics
    2. POLYMERISATION
      1. Monomers join to make polymer
        High pressure - polymer chains
        Strong rigid - high-density polyethene
        Light, stretchy - low-density polyethene
        PVC strong durable- rigid or stretch
        Heat resistant polymers
        REPLACED NATURAL MATERIALS
        Plastic kettles
        Window frames
        Plastic bags
        Milk bottles
        Close - high density
        Spread - low density
        Weak - slide over // stretch easy // low MP
        Strong - cross links // hard stretch // high MP
        Increase length
        Add cross-linking agents
        Plasticisers (reduce forces)
        Crystalline (no branches)
3. NANOPARTICLES
  1. Natural - sea spray // combustion
    1. Modification
      1. Plastic sport equip. - more durable, stronger, lightweight
      2. Silver nano - polymer fibres - antibacterial props.
      3. Health effects not fully understood
C3
1. Tectonic plates move away exposed mantle rises and solidifies
  1. Crust magnetised - swap direction
    1. Polarity
    2. Reversed polarity
    3. Pattern determine age
      1. Fossils
      2. Shells & ripples
      3. Grains
    4. Contains minerals
      1. Limestone - CaCo3 // sedimentary // shells or erosion // cement through pores
      2. Carbon - fossilisation // high temp & pressure
      3. Salt - evaporation
        Underground salt deposits (ancient seas)
        Physical extraction
        SOLUTION MINING
        Water injected into deposit
        dissolve salt make BRINE
        Pressure forces BRINE surface
        BRINE stored in wells // refined
        Subsidence
        Burning fossil fuels
        Evaporate seawater
        Refined salt - flavour // preservative
        High blood pressure // stomach cancer // osteoporosis // renal failure
        Food Standard Agency
        GDA
        Dept. Health - risk assessment // advise health
        Still include - COST
        ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE
        Chlorine
        CHLORINATION
        Kills disease-causing m.o.
        Prevents algae growth, bad taste & smells, remove discolouration
        Inc. life expectancy - reduce diarrohoeal disease
        OXIDATION - 4Hcl+O2 - 2Cl2 + 2H2O
        Carcinogenic // cholera // gas - poisonous // liquid - chem burns
        Hydrogen
        Sodium Hydroxide
        ALKALIS
        Form OH- ions (aq)
        Acid + Hydroxide - Salt + Water
        Acid + Carbonate - Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
        Fat & Oil - Soap
        Neutralise acidic soil
        Natural dye bind to cloth
        Glass production
        Some chems, stay in enviro for long time
        DDT
        Can't be secreted
        Accumulated
        PCB leak
        LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
        Choice of material
        Manufacture
        Using the product
        Product disposal
        Bleach
        Mercy used - TOXIC
        Asbestos - LUNG CANCER

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