Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Consciousness
- Consciousness
- our moment to
moment awareness of
ourselves and our
environment
- Subjective and private
- Dynamic (ever changing)
- Self-reflective and central to our
sense of self
- Intimately connected
with
- Selective Attention: process that
focuses awareness on some stimuli
to the exclusion of others
- measuring states of
consciousness
- Self report -
inner
experiences
- Behavioural measures - performance special
tasks. Gordon Galup (1970) slot machine.
Plotnik et al. (2006) elephant self-recognition
- Physiological measures -
bodily processes and mental
states, EEG
- Levels of Consciousness
- Freudian
- Conscious mind:
thoughts and
perceptions currently
aware
- Preconscious mental
events: outside current
awareness, recalled
certain conditions
- Unconscious events: cannot be
brought into consciousness in
ordinary circumstances
- Silverman SPA (subliminal
psychodynamic activation) beating
dad is ok, darts. Silverman and
Weinberger (1985) mommy and I
are one
- Cognitive
- Controlled (Conscious) Processing:
conscious use of attention
and effort,
- Repetition of action, parts of brain less active
- Automatic (Unconscious)
Processing: activities
performed unconsciously,
fast, routine actions
- Divided Attention: more
than one activity at same
time
- :( prevents new
ways to approach
problems but faster
- :( slower but
more flexible
- Unconscious
perception and
influence
- Blindsight
- part of visual field,
still respond to stimuli
but say cannot see it.
Kentridge et al., 2004
- Weiskrantz (1974) DB
- Priming
- Krosnick et al. 1992
- exposure to
stimulus affects
response to same or
other stimulus
- Visual Agnosia
- Prosopagnosia:
faces but not
objects
- John, HJA, Humphreys
and Ridoch 1987
- Emotional Unconcious
- Chartrand et al 2002
students sublimnal
message changed mood
- Why do we have it
- summary of
internal and
external simuli
- Brain regions in
planning and decision
making
- Override dangerous behaviours
- Novel tasks and situations
- Sleep
- 90 min cycle 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM,
although REM becomes
longer and 3 drops out
- Stages
- Awake and Alert -
beta waves
- Relaxed and Drowsy
- alpha waves
- Stage 1 - light, easily
awakened, waves
irregular, theta inc.
(3.5-7.5), vivid images,
body jerks, dreams
- Stage 2 - deep sleep, sleep spindles (12-15)m
more relaxed, breathing and heart rate
slower, dreams, harder to wake
- Stage 3 - slow and large delta (0.5-2)
- Stage 4 - deepest level, delta dominate, brain dec.,
dreams, hard to wake
- Slow-wave sleep
- REM - high arousal, dreaming
- Sleep paralysis
- Paradoxical sleep
- heart rate fast,
breathing irregular and
fast, brain wave like
wakefulness, penile
erections and vaginal
lubrication, muscles
relax, activity in limbic
system, visual cortex and
motor cortex
- alpha waves: low freq (8-12)
- beta waves: high
freq. (15-30
cycles/sec), low
amplitude
- Spectral sex
- paralysis
- nightmares
- sexual arousal
- Dreams
- Hynagogic State:
wakefulness --> early
stage 2, visual
hallucinations, dreams
- Content
- strange
- may be due to dec in
prefrontal to do with
planning etc.
- 80% negative
- men 2/3
- cultural backrgound
- life experiences
- concerns
- most not sexual
- 50% aggressive
- 1/3 misfortune
- Purpose
- Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
- Wish Fulfillment: unconscious
desires - sexual and aggressive
urges
- Dream Work
- Latent (disguised meaning)
- Manifest (surface story)
- Activation Synthesis Theory
- no function, by-product of
REM neural activity
- Activation - random neural activity in REM
- Synthesis - cerebral cortex creates story
- Cognitive Theories
- Problem-solving dream models: create solution
- Cognitive-process dream
theories: focus on
processes, similar
dreaming and waking
thought
- Daydreams
- waking
consciousness,
stimulation in
boredom
- Fantasy-prone
personality, most female
- best visual
imagery
- REM 80-85%, NREM 15-50%
- environment, culture,
individual diff and age e.g. in
winter 15-60mins longer
asleep
- sleep deprivation
can affect
confidence
- restoration model: sleep
recharges our run down
bodies and allow us to
recover from physical and
mental fatigure
- evolutionary/circadian
sleep models: sleeps
main purpose is to inc.
change of survival
- Memory
consolidation:
gradual process by
which the brain
transfers info to
LTM
- REM sleep disorder: loss
of muscle tone that
causes normal REM
- sleepwalking: stage 3 and 4
- night terros
- sleep apnea:
stop and
start
breathing
- Hypnosis
- state of heightened suggestibility, some
people experience imagined situs as if
real
- Hypnotic Induction: one person leads another
into hypnosis, 10% always non responsive, 10%
always pass, rest in between
- Fixed-gaze, progressive
relaxation and imagery
- monozygotic twins similar sucesptibility
- Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
- Theories
- DIssociation Theories
- hypnosis = altered state,
division of consciousness
- 1 responds to
hypnotist's ,
other
background
but aware (hidden observer)
- Social-Cognitive Theories
- Expectations of people who
are motivated
- Orne 1959 55% dominant hand
- Brain imaging
- different state of brain
activation in hypnosis
- Kosslyn et al 2000 drain colour or
add colour, right hemisphere
activated when adding colour
- pain tolerance, hypnotic
amnesia, post-hypnotic
amnesia, distort memories,
improve memory
- Attention
- focused attention
- the ability to respond to stimuli
- the cocktail
party
phenomenon
- filter models, dichotic
listening
- early filter model
(Broadbent, 1958)
- subliminal material
- late selection model (Deutsch and
Deutsch, 1967)
- attenuation model (Treisman,
1964), other info in room is
reduced
- selective attention:
maintaining a focus
of attention on a
specific item even
when faced with
alternatives and
distractions
- Posner (1980) targets,
correct arrow. O'Craven et
al. (1999) face and horse
- automaticity: reached
when a task no longer
requires conscious
control
- the process of concentrating on some
features of the environment to the
possible exclusion of others
- Divided attention
- the ability to respond, seemingly
simultaneously to multiple tasks or demands
- rehearsal, practice and difficulty
- similarity
- endogenous and
exogenous control
- cross-modal
effects in
attention
- Inattention and change blindness
- inattention blindness - gorilla
video Simons and Chabris
- Circadian rythms: daily biological cycles
- suprachiasmatic nuclei
(SCN): regulates most
circadian rythms
- melatonin: hormone that has
a relaxing effect on the body
- early birds and night owls
- environmental disruptions of circadian rythms
- seasonal affective disorder (SAD): a cyclic
tendency to become psychologically depressed
during certain seasons of the year