Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Accounting - Module 6
- Process of Identifying, measuring, recording,
communicating financial info.
- For a company's business activities
- Decision makers can make informed decisions
- Decision Makers - Creditors & Investors
- "Communication" refers to a company's financial statements
- Good decisions - assumes agreement about the content in F.S & how
the amounts are measured
- GAAP - Rules business must
follow with F.S
- Basic Concepts
- Entity Concept -
separate from its
owners & from
any other
business
- Transactions - Exhange of property or service with
another entity
- "Another Entity"
Owners
- Economic Events
not transactions
- Depreciation - Use of an asset (NCA)
- Decrease in value
- Revaluation of Buildings
- Only if Fair Value
Measurement has been
chosen
- Increase in Value
- Source Documents - Provide
Objective Support for recording
of transactions
- E.g. Sales Receipts,
cheque butt, invoice,
payroll timesheet,
log book, print out
from ATM
- Monetary Unit Concept
- Recordable Economic Events
- Incl. Transactions, F.S that summarize such
events recorded in "money"
- Monetary Unit -National
Currency of Country the
company operates in
- Historical Cost Concept - Record's its
transactions based on amount
exchanged at time it occurred
- Values shown on F.S
based on Original Cost
- Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Information)
- Info for Internal & External Users
- Evaluate business's ability (Profit & remaining Solvent)
- Reports Financial Position of
Company incl. assets,
liabilities, & shareholders'
equity at specific point in time
- Balance Sheet Equation (AKA,
Acc Eq): A = L + OE
- Relationship between assets of business
& how they are financed
- Assets Financed - Borrowing from Creditors (Debts
AKA. Liabilities) or issuing shares to owners (Equity)
- Both owners & creditors have
claims against assets, in company
- owner's claims = Shareholder's
Equity
- Assets = Economic Resources
& Liabilities & Owner's Equity
= Claims on Economic
Resources
- Owner's Equity - Represent Owner's Current
Investment in Assets of Business
- Equity represents share of assets
claimed by owners
- 2 Primary Sources of Equity -
Contributed Capital & Retained
Earnings
- Sole Trades, these 2
sources are in one
account called
"capital" but companies kept separate
- Often called Residual -
what's left over
- A - L = OE
- Creditors have priority (legally) over owners
- If Assets & liabilities are measured according to GAAP, than dollar
value of Equity must be measured properly
- Assets - Resources of
company
- Requirements to appear on BS: Past Event, Resource controlled by
company, provide future economic benefits, reliably measured -
Verifiable (E.g. Source Doc)
- Not all resources are shown in BS
- CA - Cash &other assets that business
expects to convert into cash, sell, or use
up within 1 year of balance sheet date.
- Helps asses liquidity also listed in in order of liquidity
- On BS date, asset may not be
shown greater than exp eco
benefit measured of date
- Acc rec.Debtors - Shown at recoverable amount
- Inventory (Stock) - good
held or resale, shown at
lower of cost or net
realisable value (whichever
is lower)
- Prepayment - Expense prepaid (CL)
- NCA - Use it longer than 12 months
- PP&E (Fixed Assets) - tangible productive
assets used in operations e.g.. land, buildings, equipment
- Intangible Assets - lack physical
Substance e.g.. patents, trademarks, copy
rights
- Long - Term Investments - Not used in operations, expected
benefits usually from rent or sale. E.g. Land, Buildings, & shares in
other companies
- Assets can have a Negative Balance
- BankOverdrafts (Liability) - Negative cash balance
- Asset Contra Accounts - e.g.
accumulated depreciation &
Allowance for Doubtful Debts
- ACA means creating a
"negative' asset account
instead of reducing a
particular asset directly
- BS and footnote disclosures
- Liabilities - Obligations of Company
- Requirements: Past Event, Cause
an outflow of Resources, Reliably
Measured
- Current Liabilities - Obligations company expects to pay within on year
- E.g. Accounts Payable, Short - term borrowings
- Non - Current Liabilities (Long - Term Liabilities) Present Obligations that require
payment beyond one year of the BS date
- e.g. Notes Payable.
Mortgage payable, Loan or
Bonds payable
- If due date is within on year of the BS date, the debt becomes current.