THE BRAIN

THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
1. CORTEX
  1. Relevant cerebral area for language
  2. Plays important role in the cognitive functioning of the brain
2. BRAIN STEM
  1. Regulate consciousness
3. THALAMUS
  1. Controlling all messages going in an out of the cortex
4. AMYGDALA
  1. Emotional memory
  2. Stimulus appraisal
5. BASAL GANGLIA AND HYPPOCAMPUS
  1. Control memory
NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BRAIN ACTIVITY
1. Interactions of nerve cells called neurons
  1. Neurons communicate with each other
    1. through AXONS and DINDRITES
One of the most complex structures
THE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
1. Neuroscience of language Pulvemuller
  1. Human brain provides the mechanisms for realizing language
  2. Brain mechanisms are organized by means of nerve cells
    1. and their mutual connections
2. Paradis lingusitic competence
  1. neurofunctional system that can be divided
    1. into a number of neurofunctional modules
      1. BROCA and WERNICKE'S AREA
        Aphasia Research
        Damage to the Broca
        cannot create gramatically area complex sentence
3. LANGUAGE LATERALIZATION
  1. Differing functions of the two hemispheres
    1. Right handers have their language funtions in their left hemisphere
    2. Right hemisphere contributed to language proccessing
      1. verbal creativity
      2. recognition of the emotional tone of speech
  2. Neuroimaging research
    1. Right hemisphere plays a much larger role in language production
THE CONSCIOUS AND THE UNCONSCIOUS
1. Imbalance
2. important implications for language processing
3. conscious capacity so limited
4. consciousness highly flexible
5. consciousness gateway to access any part of the nervous system
6. consciousness the publicity organ
7. unconscious keep images
METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING LANGUAGE AND THE BRAIN
1. Phycolinguistic Methods
  1. Reaction-time studies
    1. behavioural experiments
    2. minimal hardware requirements
    3. linguistic stimuli
    4. asked to perform a task
  2. PRIMING
    1. psycholinguistic experiment
    2. focuses in mental mechanisms
    3. initial stimulus creates an unconscious
    4. two sensory modes are activated at the same time
  3. Self-paced reading
    1. input /stimulus
    2. easy controllable
    3. examine language processing
    4. personal computer and subject
    5. read sentence word by word
    6. reading time
  4. Eye tracking
    1. special instrument
    2. examining visual attention
  5. Computational modelling
    1. investigate me ntal representations and functions
    2. mimic the operation of living nervous
    3. systems in limited way
2. Pre-neuro imaging methods
  1. laterality research
    1. left and right hemispherio
  2. neurophysiological research of aphasics
    1. language impairment
    2. damage to the brain
  3. Electrical cortical stimulation
    1. source of the seizures
  4. single cell recording
3. Neuroimaging Methods
  1. CT or CAT
  2. Electrophysiological methods
    1. EEG-MEG-ERP
  3. Haemodynamic Methods
    1. SPECT-PET-MRI

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THE BRAIN

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