Light and Optical Systems

Theories of light (all Five)
1. Albert Einstein discovered That Light was not a Continuous Wave but Localized particles.
2. sir Isaac Newton discovered that clear white light is seven Visible colours combined
3. Michelsons discovery was That motion would be detected by comparing the speed of Light in the direction to Earths Motion and the speed of Light at Right angles to earths Motrion but no difference was Foudn by this scientist
4. Pythagoras light theory is that light is emitted from luminous bodies, can suffer reflections, and causes the sensation of sight when it enters the eyes.
  1. Plane mirror For light rays striking a plane mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
    1. The surface may be either convex or concave. Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices.
      1. a prism is a polyhedron comprising a sided polygonal base, a second base which is a translated as a copy of the first, and in other faces joining sides of the two bases. All cross-sections Are parallel to the bases.
      2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
        Amplitude: is the Height of a wave The higher the Amplitude The more energy.
        Frequency is How many waves Move Past a point in One second is called frequency.The more wiggles a second the more energy
        With sound Waves The higher the Amplitude the More Noise
        For Electricity It is running through a Wire.
        For water Waves on the Ocean Shore
        Electromactic Waves is Electricity and Magnetism.When a Magnetic field and Electricity Field move together They create Waves-Electromatic Waves.
        Wave length is the length of a wave is called from crest to crest is called narelength
        Light - from the sun or light bulbs
        Air-Vibrating
    2. Lenses with curved sides for concentrating or dispersing light rays, used singly (as in a magnifying glass) or with other lenses (as in a telescope).
properties of Light
1. Travels in Straight Lines
2. Light can be Reflected
  1. Light is a form of energy
  2. Law of Reflection is when a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
3. Light can bend
Huygens theory of light is Huygens, believed that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of the light travels, and therefore formulated a way of visualising wave propagation. .
How Light interacts with Materials
1. For Opaque Material Light cannot shine through opaque materials at all. In fact, opaque materials absorb the light that shines on them. A little of the light is reflected back, though. Each object reflects some light waves of a certain color.
2. Transparent:Light passes easily through transparent materials, which means you can see through them clearly
3. Transluncent:allowing light, but not detailed shapes, to pass through; semitransparent.
4. Mirror: Light that bounces off a mirror will show an image of whatever is in front of it, when focused through the lens of the eye or a camera. Mirrors reverse the direction of the image in an equal yet opposite angle from which the light shines upon it.
  1. Human Eye- The pats of a human eye are...
    1. Cornea- a clear dome over the eye
      1. Pupil- the black circular opening that lets the light in
        Sclera- The white of your eye
        Conjunctiva- a thin layer of tissue that covers the entire front of your eye, except for the cornea
        Iris-The coloured part of your eye
        Lens - The lens exists behind the pupil and is responsible for allowing your eyes to focus on small details like words in a book. The lens is in a constant state of adjustment as it becomes thinner or thicker to accommodate the detailed input it receives. With age, the lens loses a lot of its elasticity which often results in cataracts and presbyopia because the lens cannot adjust as well to its surroundings as it used to.
        Vitreous Humour - The vitreous humour is a gel-like substance that helps to keep the eyeball in its proper, circular shape. This is the area in the eye where floaters develop as pieces of the vitreous humor clump together and cast shadows onto the retina. With age, the vitreous humor begins to shrink and can cause problems like posterior retinal detachment or retinal tear.
        Retina -The retina is the area at the back of the eye that receives the refined, visual message from the front of the eye, and it transmits that visual message to the brain using electrical signals.
        Human eye vs Normal Vision
        A reference value higher than which visual activity is thought of as normal is referred to as 6/6 vision the equivalent fraction of 20/20 vision
        So in conclusion the human eye and normal vision are basically the same
        Human Eye vs. Myopia
        Well for starters Myopia would win because Myopia causes very blurry vision to the Human Eye.(Objects near a Myopia infected eye look clear but when they are far away the objects are very blurry.
        Correcting poor vision- There are many ways to help your vision grow better and better so i'll list a few some of them are Get lots and lots of key vitamins, Don't forget the carotenoids, Make sure to stay fit,Manage your chronic conditions, wear your protective eyewear (That includes glasses etc.) Follow the 20-20-20 rule (Set a timer to remind you to look away every 20 minutes at an object that is about 20 feet away for a full 20 seconds. Buy some artificial tears at your local drugstore to use when your eyes feel dry.), and of course quit smoking it's bad for your eyes and other body parts
        Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital format . Text and images can be digitized similarly: a scanner captures an image (which may be an image of text) and converts it to an image file, such as a bitmap, a digitization image is both a convex and concave lens.
        Human Eye vs.hyperopia
        So basically Myopia and Hyperopia are opposites while Myopia makes far objects appear blurry Hyperopia makes close objects appear blurry
        So if The Human eye and hyperopia got in a fight, Hyperopia would most definitely win heres why so while Myopia makes far off objects appear blurry Hyperopia makes close up objects appear blurry which is very bad for us so Hyperopia would most definitely win.
        Animal Eyes
        Bird eyes
        Can Move lenses Fastly
        Fun fact:Bitds have the Largest eyes Related to their size In the animal Kingdom
        And they can see your Movement even from a far distance using they're eye's bony socket.
        Shark's eyes
        a Sharks eyes are almost on completely different sides of its head, so the eyes have a nearly 360-degree field of vision. One very important feature of shark sight is the tapetum lucidum, which is how sharks are able to see in the low light created by murky or deep waters.
        Dogs Eyes are a little different Along with superior night vision, dogs have better motion visibility than humans have. However, because their retinas' contain only about one-tenth the concentration of cones, dogs do not see colors as humans do. Dogs see like a color-blind human.
        Dogs eyes
        Optical Devices
        Telescopes are an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects, or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Also telescopes are convex lens.
        A Microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope, A microscope is convex
        Binoculars or field glasses are two telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models, A binocular is convex
        A night-vision device, also known as night optical/observation device and night-vision goggles, is an optoelectronic device that allows images to be produced in levels of light approaching total darkness. A night vision goggle is both convex and concave
        Camera vs. The human eye who will win
        The human eye lets us see the world by sending signals the our nervous system, In thousands and thousands of ways it is compared to many different devices including camera

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