Health

Health

Dysfuntional Behaviour
1. Treatments
  1. Behavioural - McGrath
    1. Treatment of a noise phobia using systematic desensitisation
  2. Biological - Kane
    1. Treating schizophrenic patients with Fluphenazine
  3. Cognitive - Beck et al
    1. Comparing cognitive treatment to dug therapy (cognitive treatment was more effective)
2. Explanations
  1. Cognitive - Beck et al
    1. Cognitive distortion in patients with depression
  2. Biological- Gottesman & Shields
    1. Adoption and twin studies into schizophrenia
  3. Behavioural - Watson & Rayner
    1. Inducing fear through classical conditioning (Little Albert Study)
3. Diagnosis
  1. DSM/ICD
    1. Catagorising dysfunctional behaviourso that professionals are able to diagnose disorders appropriately and give the correct treatment
      1. DSM- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Health ICD - International Classification of\Diseases & Related Health Problems
  2. Definitions - Rosenhan & Seligman
    1. STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY - Behaviour that is not seen very often in society
      1. DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS - If society doen't approve of a behaviour it is considered dysfunctional
        DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH - (Johoda) Have a positive view on yourself - Be capable of some personal growth - Be independent and self-regulating - Have an accurate view of reality - Be resistant to stress - Be able to adapt to your environment
        FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY - If a person is not functioning in a way that enables them to live independently in society they they are considered dysfunctional
  3. Sex Bias - Ford & Widiger
    1. AIM: To find out if clinicians were stereotyping genders when diagnosing disorders
      1. METHODOLOGY: Self-report where practitioner is given a scenario and has to give diagnosis. IV - Gender of patient in scenario DV - Diagnosis made by clinician
        PARTICIPANTS: 354 clinical psychologists from 1127 randomly selected from National Register
Stress
1. Causes
  1. Workplace - Johansson
    1. Workplace stressors can produces varying degrees of stress i.e. work-load, pace of the work or role conflict
  2. Hassles & Life events - Kanner
    1. Effect of life event on hasseles and uplifts in the p's life i.e. death of close one
  3. Lack of Control - Geer & Maisel
    1. Lack of control over given situation. More control = less stressful If perceived control or actual control can reduce stress
2. Measuring
  1. Combined - Johansson
    1. Physiological - Urine sample (adrenaline levels) Self-report - mood and alertness Quasi-experiment - IV was their job
  2. Physiological - Geer & Maisel
    1. Galvanic Skin Response Ability to control stimulus (photo of crash victim) reduces stress
  3. Self report - Holmes & Rahe
    1. Given self-repot
3. Managing
  1. Cognitive - Meichenbaum
    1. SIT (compared to systematic desensitisation & a control) P's are taught positive statements and relaxation methods
  2. Social - Waxler-Morrison
    1. Relationship between social relations and survival of breast cancer Employment and marriage were significant
  3. Behavioural - Budzynski
    1. Biofeedback - P's learn relaxation technique and get EMG feedback (muscle tension)
Healthy Living
1. Health Campaigns
  1. Fear Arousal - Janis & Feshbeck
    1. consequences on emotions and fear appeals in communication
  2. Legislation - Dannenberg
    1. AIM: To review the impact of the passing of a law requiring cycle helmet wearing in children
      1. METHODOLOGY: Natural experiment
  3. Media Campaign - Cowpe
    1. AIM: to test the effectiveness of an advertising campaign informing people how to deal with chip-pan fires )
      1. METHODOLOGY: Quasi experiment (I.V where people live)
        PARTICIPANTS: People living in the television areas
        PROCEDURE: Campaigns were shown on T.V. Two 60 second adverts were shown. The adverts were show once but three areas (Granada, Harlech & Tyne Tees) were show reminders a year later.
        FINDINGS: The net decline in each are was between 7% and 25%. Largest reduction was in Tyne Tees of 33% during campaign, then 17% then 15% Seemed that ad had less impact if seen more than once. Questionnaire showed awareness was 62% before ads and then 90-96% after campaign (in Yorkshire)
        CONCLUSION: The campaign proved effective as shown by the reduction in chip-pan fres. Behaviour change is seen most during the capaign
2. Theories of Health Belief
  1. Health Belief Model - Becker
    1. Mothers adherence to a drug regime for their asthmatic children
  2. Locus of Control - Rotter
    1. P's who feel they have control over situation are more likely to show coping bahaviour
  3. Self-efficacy - Bandura
    1. Self-efficacy of patients undergoing systematic desensitisation in relation to a phobia i.e snake
3. Adherence
  1. Hypertensive Patients - Bullpit
    1. Review research on adherence in hypertensive patients - adhere if benefit outweighs cost
  2. Fluoxentine for Depression - Lustman
    1. Efficacy of treatment for depression in diabetics
  3. Improving adherence - Watt et al
    1. Using a Funhaler can improve children adherence to asthma medication

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