ESL Approaches & Methods

Communicative Approach
1. a student-centered emphasis on communication and meaningful acquisition of knowledge
  1. ICB
    1. providing content-based second language instruction using academic thematic units
      1. Theme provides context for academic &language development
      2. allows CLD students to acquire CALF in a natural way
    2. students receive comprehensible input
      1. To provide comprehensible input, class material may be pre-modified by a teacher.
    3. language=a medium of instruction and learning
    4. Integrated Content-Based Instruction
    5. ESL teacher typically delivers classroom instruction
    6. promotes negotiation of meaning in context
    7. key factors
      1. use of a variety of media
        For this, I often use TED Talk, movie clips, songs (there are tons of children's English songs on YouTube), podcasts from NPR or Voice of America, reading materials from Readworks, and so on, depending on the age level.
      2. development of students' thinking skills
      3. student-centered instruction
  2. Sheltered Method
    1. SIOP (Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol)
    2. ease the transition for ELL from special English instruction to the general education classroom
    3. exclusively of English learners
    4. content subjects taught with modifications
      1. making content accessible
    5. delivered by a content subject teacher with some expertise in ESL methodology or team-taught by an ESL teacher&content subject teacher
    6. explicitly emphasizes language and content objectives
      1. This seems to be one of the most important thing in SIOP model. A teacher may inform the lesson objectives in the beginning of class. This will guide students to know what to focus and prevent them from feeling lost in the middle of the class.
    7. potect ELLs from factors reflected in the affective filter hypothesis (anxiety, confusion, ...)
    8. combines philosophies, strategies, and techniques that appropriately recognize the many challanges that CLD students confront. Profives instruction that is comprehensible, relevant, motivating.
    9. hands-on activities
    10. cooperative learning
    11. guarded vocabulary
Cognitive Approach
1. CALLA
  1. Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach
  2. focus: strenghening curriculum, instruction, teacher expertise throughout the entire period that ELL are developing academic competence in English
    1. from beginning to advanced levels
  3. THREE INTEGRATED COMPONENTS
    1. topics from the major content subjects
      1. a foundation for learning grade-level information in academic subjects
      2. practice skills & processes in the content area
      3. more motivating than language alone
      4. authentic context for learning
      5. identify content objectives
      6. linking the topic to prior knowledge
      7. hands-on, minds-on experiences
      8. use of technical vocabulary
      9. explicit instruction in strategies
      10. Although it was in a different setting, I remember this was an important aspect of English classes in Korean public schools. I used to work as an English textbook developer and developing curriculum was one of my jobs. We had a guideline for public education from the Department of Education, and were required to integrate content subject areas and English language functions. For example, in a chapter, students would learn climate change (science) and language phrases "we should/shouldn't".
    2. development of academic language & literacy
      1. includes all four language skills
      2. model academic language
      3. encourage students' language awareness
      4. higher-level questions
        I find Bloom's taxonomy so much helpful. When preparing questions prior to the class, I usually check with this to make sure I'm providing questions in different levels.
    3. explicit instruction in learning strategies for content & SLA
2. a learner-centered focus on explicit teaching of learning strategies in communicative ways
Grammatical/Grammar-Based Approach
1. a teacher-centered emphasis on the rules and structure of the target language
  1. Grammar-Translation Method
  2. Direct Method
  3. Audiolingual Method

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ESL Approaches & Methods

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