Bio Chemistry

Bio Chemistry

Carbon (four binding sights)
1. Organic Macromolecules
  1. Lipids
    1. Fats, oils, waxes, hormones
    2. Phospolipids
      1. Phospholipid bilayer - cell membrane
        Polar phosphate head with fatty acid tail
    3. Functions
      1. Enrgy storage (twice as much as carbohydrates)
      2. Cell membrane
      3. Cushions/insulates organs and body
      4. Hormones
      5. Waxes
    4. Saturated Fats
      1. Saturated = filled, all carbons are bound to two hydrogens
    5. Unsaturated Fats
      1. unsaturated = not filled, not all carbons are paired with two hydrogens, atleast two carbons are double bound to eachother
  2. Carbohydrates
    1. Sugars
      1. Monosaccharides
      2. Disaccharides
      3. Polysaccharides
    2. Functions
      1. Store and Release "quick" energy
      2. Structural components of plants and insects
  3. Nucleic Acids
    1. DNA/RNA
    2. Functions
      1. Stores Genetic Info
      2. Transfers Information
    3. Nucleotides
      1. Phosphate Group - 5 Carbon Sugar - Nitrogen Base
        Ribose or Deoxyribose
        Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
        Thymine only in DNA
        Uracil only in RNA
        Purines (double ring nitrogen base)
        Adenine
        Guanine
        Pyrimidines (Single ring nitrogen base)
        Cytosine
        Thymine
        Uracil
  4. Proteins
    1. Functions
      1. Hormones
      2. Movement
      3. Immune System
      4. Enzymes
        Function of enzymes
        Acts as a biological catalyst in chemical reactions, speeds up reaction without affecting itself
        How it works
        Substrate(s) binds to the active site of the enzyme, enzyme then either adds (anabolism) the substrates or breaks (catabolism) the substrate.
        Anabolism
        Lock-and-Key method
        Induced fit method
    2. Structure
      1. Central Carbon
      2. Amino Group
      3. Carboxyl Group
      4. R Group (Variable Group)
        Gives unique chemical properties to each amino acid
    3. Peptide bond joins amino acids
  5. Elements
    1. Lipids - C,H,O
    2. Proteins - C,H,O,N
    3. Nucleic Acids - C,H,O,N,P
    4. Carbohydrates - C,H,O
Monomers
1. Lipids - fatty acids
2. Proteins - Amino Acids
3. Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides
4. Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Polymers
1. Lipids - Triglycerides
2. Proteins - Polypeptides
3. Nucleic Acids - DNA or RNA
4. Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
pH - Acidity or Alkalinity of a substance
1. Acidic - Low pH
2. Alkaline - High pH
Polar molecules - equal sharing of electrons
Non-Polar molecules - unequal sharing of electrons
Bonds
1. Hydrogen
  1. Weak bond formed between two hydrogen atoms
2. Covalent
  1. Strong bond formed from the sharing of valence electrons
3. Ionic
  1. When molecules take electrons from the other

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