The Nervous System (NS) & The Endocrine System (ES)

The Nervous System
1. Definitions
  1. NS - has central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, communicates through electrical signals
  2. Central Nervous System - has the brain and spinal cord, origin of all complex commands/ decisions
  3. Peripheral Nervous System - sends info to CNS from outside world, transmits messages from CNS to muscles and glands in body
  4. Somatic Nervous System - transmits info from receptor cells in the sense organs to CNS, also receives info from CNS that directs muscles to act
  5. Autonomic Nervous System - transmits info to and from internal bodily organs, 'automatic' and has 2 main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
2. Peripheral Nervous System
  1. The PNS transmits messages via millions of neurons to and from the CNS
  2. Autonomic NS governs vital function in body such as breathing
  3. Somatic NS controls muscle movement and receives info from sensory receptors
3. Central Nervous System
  1. Made up of brain and spinal cord
  2. Brain is centre of consciousness and the brain's outlayer called the cerebral cortex is highly developed and is what distinguishes our higher mental functions and the brain is split in two hemispheres
  3. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain and responsible for reflex actions such as pulling your hand away from a hot plate
The Endocrine System
1. Definitions
  1. Gland - organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones
  2. Fight or Flight Response - way an animal responds when stressed, body becomes physiologically aroused in readiness to fight or flee
  3. Adrenaline - hormones produced by adrenal gland part of the body's immediate stress response and it has a strong effect on the cells of the cardiovascular system
  4. ES - one of body's major info systems that tells glands to release hormones into bloodstream and these hormones are carried to target organs in body, communicates thorugh chemicals
  5. Hormones - chemical substances that circulate in bloodstream and only affect target organs, they're produced in large quantities but disappear quickly and effects very powerful
2. Glands and hormones
  1. NS and ES work to control vital functions in body
  2. ES works slower than NS but has widespread and powerful effects
  3. Glands in body (thyroid gland) produce hormones
  4. Hormone secreted into bloodstream and affects any cell with that receptor
  5. Thyroid gland produced hormone thyroxine which affects cell in heart (increase HR) and affects cells in body increasing metabolic rates and affects growth rate
  6. Main gland is pituitary gland (PG) in brain or 'master gland' because it controls the release of hormones from all the other endocrine glands in body
3. Fight or Flight
  1. Endocrine and autonomic nervous system work together during stressful event
    1. When stressful thing happens, hypothalamus actives PG and activates sympathetic (f&f) state aposed to the normal parasympathetic state (r&d)
  2. Adrenaline gets released into bloodstream and it triggers physiological changes in the body which creates physiological arousal for F&F
  3. This happens in an instant when threat is found (the acute response and automatic reaction in the body) with reactions being increased heart rate, increased breathing rate etc
  4. Once threat passed, the body will return to its parasympathetic state, its actions are antagonistic to the sympathetic system and reduces the activities of the body (R&D)
Human Nervous System
1. Peripheral Nervous System
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
    1. Sympathetic Nervous System
    2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
  2. Somatic Nervous System
2. Central Nervous System
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord

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The Nervous System (NS) & The Endocrine System (ES)

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