Zusammenfassung der Ressource
OPERANT CONDITIONING
- Operant Conditioning is a form of learning for which the likelihood
of a particular response occurring is determined by the
consequences of that response. Also known as instrumental
conditioning.
- 3-PHASE MODEL
- ANTECEDENT (DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULIS)
- Events that precede behaviour. Cue and
motivation to perform behaviour
- BEHAVIOUR (RESPONSE)
- The way in which an animal or person behaves in
response to a particular situation or stimulus.
- CONSEQUENCE
- A result or effect
- SATISFYING / DESIRABLE
- Positive Reinforcement - Giving
something good. E.g. Getting money
for washing the dishes
- Negative Reinforcement - Taking away
something bad. E.g. Having your chores
taken away for a week for getting a good
grade on a SAC
- Strengthens behaviour. Learner more
likely to repeat this behaviour
- UNSATISFYING / UNDESIRABLE
- Punishment - Giving something
bad. E.g. Getting scolded for coming
home past curfew
- Response Cost - Taking away
something good / valuable. E.g.
Having your phone taken off you for
disobeying your parents
- Weakens behaviour. Learner less
likely to repeat behaviour
- FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENCIES
- Order - Reinforcement or punishment needs to
occur after response, not before.
- Timing - Reinforcement or punishment needs to occur
as close in time to the desired response as possible.
- Appropriateness - For a stimulus to be a reinforcer (or
punishment), it must provide a pleasing (or
unpleasant) consequence for its recipient
- SCHEDULE OF DELIVERY
- Continuous - Reinforcing every
correct response after it occurs. Good for acquisition
- Partial - reinforcing some correct responses
but not all of them. Good for maintaining conditioned response
- FIXED
- Fixed Interval - Reinforcement is given AFTER
a set/fixed period of time following a correct
response
- Fixed Ratio - Reinforcement is given AFTER a
set number of correct responses
- Example: An apple picker gets payed $25 for every two buckets of
apple filled
- Example: Giving yourself a break for every hour you study
- VARIABLE
- Variable Interval - Reinforcement is given
RANDOMLY AFTER and AVERAGE period of time
following a correct response
- Variable Ratio - Reinforcement is given
RANDOMLY AFTER an AVERAGE number of
correct responses
- Example: A dog receiving a reward on average for every second
response of sitting up when commanded to 'sit'
- Example: Receiving pocket money every two weeks on average for
doing chores
- KEY PROCESSES
- Acquisition - The establishment of a response through reinforcement
- Stimulus Generalisation - Occurs when the correct response is made to another
stimulus which is similar to the original stimulus for which reinforcement is obtained
- Extinction - The gradual decrease in the strength or rate of responding
after a period of non-reinforcement. Occurs after the termination of
reinforcement
- Stimulus Discrimination - Organism makes response to a stimulus
for which reinforcement is obtained but not for any other similar
stimulus
- Spontaneous Recovery - After a rest period, the response is shown again in the
absence of reinforcement