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Approaches to learning
- Behaviourist applications to learning
- operant conditioning
- says that the consequences of an action (whether it
is rewarded or punished) affect whether the action
is repeated or changed. This allows the formation of
new behaviours.
- Programmed learning
(Skinner) (frames and
feedback)
- Programmed learning
(Skinner) (frames and
feedback)
- e.g. Skinner Box
- says that the consequences of an action (whether it
is rewarded or punished) affect whether the action
is repeated or changed. This allows the formation of
new behaviours.
- classical conditioning
- involves the association of a certain stimulus to
a certain response. Pavlov's dogs are a famous
example of classical conditioning.
- unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response
- neutral stimulus
- conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response
- unconditioned stimulus
- involves the association of a certain stimulus to
a certain response. Pavlov's dogs are a famous
example of classical conditioning.
- Positives
- useful applications to schools, aeasy to implement
and easy for students and teachers to understand.
- scientific method of analyzing behaviors, emphasizing
the use of objective measuring techniques and
measurable outcomes. Should be able to applied to large
numbers of children in an unbiased way.
- useful applications to schools, aeasy to implement
and easy for students and teachers to understand.
- Negatives
- Theories found from animal experiments are hard
to applied on humans.
- Behaviourist theories ignore other approaches such as the
cognitive approach. It just a partial explanation.
- Some behaviourist strategies create ethical issues
such as protection from harm.
- a deterministic theory, which creates a slightly depressing view
of humans as creatures that simply mechanistically respond to
stimuli, as well as raising ethical questions of consent.
- Theories found from animal experiments are hard
to applied on humans.
- operant conditioning
- humanistic applications
- co-operative learning
- debatable whether this is due to the techniques
themselves or just the fact that the techniques
require a lot of panning and organization.
- very effective in an organised fashion
- debatable whether this is due to the techniques
themselves or just the fact that the techniques
require a lot of panning and organization.
- the open classroom
- reduce student stress as the
atmosphere will be more relaxed.
- difficult to tell the
difference between
order and chaos.
- more creative
- tend to lead lower
academic achievement
in standard tests.
- reduce student stress as the
atmosphere will be more relaxed.
- e.g. Summerhill School
- Encourages creativity and
independence. A large number
of students find artistic careers.
- Exam results tend to be worse
than those of more traditional
schools.
- Encourages creativity and
independence. A large number
of students find artistic careers.
- Strengths
- free will
- treat students like
individuals
- holistic approach
- qualitative data
- free will
- Weakness
- highly dependent on the
skill of teacher
- unscientific approach
- time consuming and difficult
- hard to produce
multiple lessons
- highly dependent on the
skill of teacher
- co-operative learning
- Cognitive applications
- thought processes
- Piaget
- Advantages
- helpful if the
teacher offer
guidance
- less deterministic
- had useful applicatiolns
- problem-based learning
- helpful if the
teacher offer
guidance
- Disadvantages
- difficult balance between reduced
teacher involvement and no teacher
involvement
- children may do with errors or
misconceptions that are not being
corrected.
- some very abstract or theoretical
concepts may not suitable for discovery
learning.
- time consuming
- more direct forms of instruction
may be needed.
- difficult balance between reduced
teacher involvement and no teacher
involvement
- thought processes
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