Cytology

Cytology

Cytoplasm
1. Ground Substance
2. Cell membrane
3. Organelles
  1. Membranous
    1. ER
      1. rER
        Protein syn.
        Post-translational Mod.
        Basophilic
      2. sER
        Steroid hormone syn.
    2. Golgi
      1. Carb syn.
      2. Packaging
      3. Halo area
    3. Mitochondria
      1. ATP syn.
    4. Lysosome
      1. Enzymatic digestion
      2. Contain acid hydrolase
  2. Non-membranous
    1. Ribosome
      1. Protein syn.
    2. Cytoskeleton
      1. Microtubule
        Polarized
        Movement
        Biggest
        Centriole
        9+0
      2. Microfilament
        Muscle
        Contraction
        2 chains of globular sub unit = Actin
      3. Intermediate filament
        tensile strength
        Rope like
4. Inclusion
  1. Endogenous
    1. Melanin
      1. Skin&Retina
      2. Brown
    2. Hemosiderin
      1. Iron storage complex
      2. Spleen
      3. Gold
    3. Lipofuscin
      1. yellow to brown
      2. represent undigestible remnent
      3. found in long-live cell
  2. Exogenous
    1. yellow to brown pigment in liver
Nucleus
1. Nuclear membrane
2. Chromatin
  1. Heterochromatin (inactive)
    1. Pyknotic nucleus = necrosis = cell death
  2. Euchromatin (active)
    1. DNA >> RNA
3. Nucleolus
  1. Basophilic with H&E
Cell cycle& Cell division
1. Interphase
  1. G1
  2. G2
2. Mitosis
Cell surface specialization
1. Cilia
  1. Micrutubule:9+2
2. Flagella
3. Microvilli
  1. Actin
4. Stereocilia
  1. Epididymis
  2. Non motile
Intercellular junction
1. Tight junction
2. Desmosome
  1. Spiny projection
  2. Skin
3. Gap junction
  1. Cardiac muscle
  2. ion channel, low resistance

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