Cell Theory

Cells
1. Smallest unit of life
2. All living things made of cells
3. Cells come from preexisting cells
Cell Classification
1. Prokaryotic
  1. Bacteria
  2. No nucleus
    1. Instead, has a nucleoid region that houses DNA
  3. In common with Eukaryotic
    1. Exclusive to Prokaryotic
      1. Pili
        Attach cells to surfaces
      2. Capsule
        Protects cell from engulfment
      3. Nucleoid region
        Houses DNA
      4. Cilia & Flagella
        Cilia
        Moves things along surface of cell
        Flagella
        Moves cell from one point to another
    2. Plasma membrane
      1. Protects the cell
      2. Controls what enters and leaves the cell
      3. Made of phospholipid bilayer
    3. Cytoplasm
      1. Protects cell organelles
      2. Jelly like substance in between organelles
      3. Site of chemical reactions
    4. Ribosomes
      1. Function: protein synthesis
        Synthesis = creation
      2. Small subunit + large subunit
      3. Found in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
    5. DNA
    6. Cell Wall
    7. Cytoskeleton
      1. Maintains shape of cell
      2. Holds organelles in place
2. Eukaryotic
  1. Plant and animal cells
  2. Has nucleus
  3. Membrane-bound organelles
    1. Obtained through ENDOSYMBIOSIS
      1. Endosymbiotic theory:
        Prokaryote cells engulf other prokaryote cells -> mitochondria is engulfed first, then chloroplast
        Prokaryotic cells that are engulfed do not get digested -> instead they live in harmony with the other prokaryotic cell (like a symbiote i.e. Venom)
  4. In common with Prokaryotic
    1. Plasma membrane
    2. Cytoplasm
    3. Ribosomes
    4. DNA
    5. Cell Wall
      1. Only in plant cells
    6. Cytoskeleton
  5. Exclusive to Eukaryotic
    1. Nucelus
      1. Stores genetic material (keeps DNA safe)
        Each cell has the same type of DNA, but in some cells specific instructions are turned off.
    2. Endoplasmic reticulum
      1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
        Attaches to outer membrane of nuclear envelope
        Processes and modifies proteins
      2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
        Attaches to rough endoplasmic reticulum
        Synthesizes phospholipids
    3. Golgi apparatus
      1. Collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials (proteins + lipids)
    4. Mitochondria
      1. Site of cellular respiration (provides energy)
  6. Animal Cells vs Plant Cells
    1. Animal
      1. Lysosomes
        Contain digestive enzyme
        Some scientists argue that plant cells have them too
      2. Centrioles
        Aid in cell division
      3. Vacuoles
        Lots of small vacuoles
    2. Plant
      1. Contain cell wall
      2. Chloroplasts
        Site of photosynthesis
      3. Central vacuole
        One big vacuole
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