Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Unit 3
- CH 11: Sexual Reproduction and
Meiosis
- SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
- HAPLOID
- HAPLOID CELLS
- 1 copy of each
chromosome
- GAMETES
- DIPLOID
- DIPLOID CELLS
- 2 copies of each
chromosome
- GERMLINE
CELLS
- undergo meiosis
and reduce
chromosome from
2n to 1n into
gametes
- ZYGOTE
- undergoes mitosis
to continue to
produce diploid cell
- to become a viable
organism/offspring;
needs to get bigger
thru mitosis (growth)
- in most animals
diploid dominates
- SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- meiosis and fertilization
constitute a cycle of
reproduction
- inherit 23 chromosomes
from both parents
- MOTHER
- MATERNAL HOMOLOGUE
- EGG
- XX
- FATHER
- PATERNAL HOMOLOGUE
- SPERM
- XY
- male sperm
determines gender
of offspring
- sperm and egg fuse for fertilization
to take place resulting in a zygote
- FERTILIZATION restores diploid # (1n plus 1n equals 2n)
- MEIOSIS
- 2 ROUNDS OF
DIVISION
- MEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I
- chromosomes
condense, nuclear
envelope
disappears, spindle
apparatus forms,
synapsis, crossing
over
- SYNAPIS
- homologous
chromosomes
become closely
associated
- CROSSING OVER
- genetic material
exchange
- allows for
genetic variety
- METAPHASE I
- chiasmata hold
homologues together,
homologues align at
metaphase plate,
spindles attach to
homologues
- ANAPHASE I
- chiasmata break,
chromosomes pulled
to opposite poles
(each pole has
complete haploid),
separates
homologues
- TELOPHASE I
- nuclear envelope
reforms, sister
chromatids not
identical (diversity)
- MEIOSIS II
- PROPHASE II
- chromosomes
- METAPHASE II
- ANAPHASE II
- TELOPHASE II
- 4 daughter cells
(1 copy of each
chromosome)
- ERRORS OF MEIOSIS
- ANEUPLOID GAMETES
- missing or extra
chromosomes in
gametes
- NONDISJUNCTION
- genetic disorder, too many
or too less chromosomes
- MEIOSIS FUNCTION
- production of
gametes
- mitosis function is
growth and repair
- MEIOSIS FEATURES
- (compare mitosis and meiosis)
- synapsis + crossing over
- sister chromatids
joined in meiosis I
- kinetochores of sister chromatids
attach to same pole
- DNA replicating suppressed
- independent assortment
- 2n to 1n
- also referred to as
REDUCTION DIVISION
- chromosome #s reduce,
divides cell into four
daughter cells
- CH 12: Patterns of
Inheritance
- PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
- PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION
- 2 alleles for a gene segregate during
gamete formation (meiosis)
- rejoined at random, one from
each parent, during fertilization
- in dihybrid cross, alleles for
each gene assort differently
- traits separate independently
in gamete formation
- EPIGENTICS
- EPISTASIS
- behaviour of gene
products change ratio
- how genes react w/
other molecules
- POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
- PLEIOTROPHY
- GENE
- ALLELE
- DIHYBRID CROSS
- MONOHYBRID CROSS
- *punnet square
- F1 GENERATION
- F2 GENERATION
- breed F1 offspring
- offspring in first cross
- two traits; four outcomes ---> 16 outcomes
- different forms of the same gene
- segment of DNA found on chromosome, codes for protein
- DOMINANT
- INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
- CODOMINANCE
- heterozygote shows both traits (co means with)
- RECESSIVE
- masked by dominant allele
- HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
- HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT
- HETEROZYGOUS
- GENOTYPE
- PHENOTYPE
- physical characteristic
- genetic makeup
- blend, alleles do not mask eachother
- dominant allele masks recessive allele
- CH 13: Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis-Inheritance
Connection
- SEX
LINKAGES
- sex linked conditions reside on X or Y chromosome
- certain genetic disease affect males to
a greater degree than females
- X CHROMOSOME
- is larger than Y chromosome
- more sex linked conditions because it's
bigger
- in FEMALES, one X chromosome is inactivated
- carries essential genes
- GENETIC MOSAICS
- Y CHROMOSOME
- smaller than X chromosome, not a lot of info
- CHROMOSOME THEORY EXCEPTIONS
- GENOMIC
IMPRINTING
- "Which parent contributed the
alleles?"
- CH 14: DNA: The Genetic
Material
- DNA
STRUCTURE
- DNA is a nucleic acid
- nucleic acid is made up
of NUCLEOTIDES
- NUCLEOTIDES
- are made up of:
- DEOXYRIBOSE
- PHOSPHATE GROUP
- NITROGENOUS BASE
- PURINES
- Adenine and Guanine
- PYRIMIDINES
- Thymine and Cytosine
- Uracil (RNA)
- COMPLEMENTARY BASE
PAIRING
- A to T
- AMOUNT OF A = AMOUNT OF T
- G to C
- AMOUNT OF G = AMOUNT OF
C
- HYDROGEN BONDS
joins nitrogenous
bases
- "easy to make,
easy to break"
- PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS
- joins two
nucleotides
- DNA is a double stranded molecule
- "COOLING
STRAND"
- "TEMPLATE
STRAND"
- *template
means pattern
- used to make
mRNA
- CELLS REPLICATE DNA TO REPRODUCE
- DNA is replicated during
SYNTHESIS
- DNA is made in 5 PRIME TO 3 PRIME
direction
- DNA POLYMERASE
- ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING
DNA
- CH 15: Genes and How They
Work
- CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY
- information flows in one direction
- DNA ---> RNA
- RNA ---> PROTEIN
- EXCEPTION:
- RETROVIRUSES use the enzyme,
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE to
convert RNA to DNA
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
- TRANSCRIPTION
- RNA POLYMERASE
- used to make RNA
- NOT a good proofreader
- TRANSLATION
- tRNA, TRANSFER RNA, transfers
amino acids to ribosomes
- RIBOSOMES: site of protein synthesis
- ribosomes are made of two subunits
- peptide bond forms between amino
acids on protein
- IMPORTANT FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
- DIFFERENCES IN RNA AND
DNA
- RNA
- single stranded
- A-U
- ribose
- DNA
- double stranded
- A-T
- deoxyribose
- CODONS
- STOP CODONS
- terminates translation;
stops process
- UUA, UGA,
UAG
- START CODONS
- start of translation
- AUG
- a codon is 3
NUCLEOTIDES
in a row
- code is degenerate;
multiple codons code
for the same amino
acid
- "WOBBLE EFFECT"
- mutation of the third
nucleotide does not
affect amino acid
- MUTATIONS
- POINT MUTATION
- alters a single base, can be
SPONTANEOUS or INDUCED
- SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS
- cause: DNA polymerase
proofreads incorrectly
- INDUCED MUTATIONS
- cause: radiation,
chemicals
- FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
- more profound effects
than point mutation
- changes reading frame
- the addition or deletion of a base
- TRIPLET REPEAT EXPANSION MUTATION
- CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
- changes structure
- DELETION
- genes deleted from chromosome,
chromosome lacks gene
- DUPLICATION
- INVERSION
- genes become inverted
(flip-flopped)
- RECIPROCAL
TRANSLOCATION
- moving genes from one
place to another
- genes duplicated, multiple copies
of genes on chromosome
- EUKARYOTES
- DNA in EUKARYOTES
is LINEAR
- PLANTS, ANIMALS,
FUNGI, AND PROTISTS
- PROKARYOTES
- DNA in PROKARYOTES
is CIRCULAR
- BACTERIA and
ARCHEA
- SICKLE CELL DISEASE
- single point mutation of one base
- causes red blood cell to
take on a sickle shape
- spleen filters out sickle
shaped red blood cells
- person does not have enough red
blood cells to carry oxygen to cells
- person gets anemia,
anemic people are tired