Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Philosophy
- Myth
- Narration that tries to give an order to the universe.
- It is diveded in 3 ways of understanding myths
- attenuated form of intellectuality,
autonomous form of thinking,
instrument of social control
- Etymological meaning of philosophy
- “The love of wisdom”
- Main questions
- What can I know?
What ought I to do?
What may I hope?
- Approaches to philosophy
- Love and pursuit of wisdom
- Type of nuturing love
- Seeks knowledge
- Rational justification of beliefs
- Seeks for rational explanations for our beliefs.
Questions our behavior (correct/incorrect)
- Question of fundamental beliefs
- For daily life actions and decisions
- Self understanding
- Being able to understand our role and purpose
- What are we doing here?
- Branches of philosophy
- Metaphysics
- Known as the first science
- Known as the
first science.
Goes beyond
the physical
world.
- Ontology
- Study the essence of things
- why the things are what they are?
- Theodicy
- Study god by the use of
reason, tries to explain god's
wishes, and god itself.
- There are 3 kinds of theodicy:
Mythical, Natural and Civil
- Cosmology
- Study the origins of the
universe
- Logic
- Study of the
methods used to
recognize
what is correct or
incorrect
- Is the reasoning about
the best option.
- Ethics
- Study the behavior of the
human being,
- Divided in right and wrong.
- Politics
- Studies the structure of the society
- State, Government, politics,
liberty, justice and authority
- Aesthetics
- Is the study of artistic
phenomenon and how it
affects thought
- Anthropology
- Understanding of the human
nature throughout history.
- Pre-Socratic Cosmologists
- Pythagoras
- Anything could be understood by
mathematical reasoning.
- Anaximenes
- Everything in
the universe
comes from aire.
- He established the
existence of a microcosmos
and a macrocosmos
- Empedocles
- everything in the universe
is conformed by water,
wind, earth and fire.
- Democritus
- the universe is conformed
by particles (Atoms).
- Are uncountable and indivisible.
- Parmenides
- he universe will not
change, the change
doesn't exist.
- He said “What is, is;
What isnt, isnt”. .
- The universe is something
indivisible and unchanging
- Thales
- First philosopher
known ever. Fahter
of science.
Believed the water
was the origin of
everything.
- Anaximander
- Created the concept
of “aperon”,
shapeless, infinite
grater than anything.
- Arche
- The first cause
and principle
- Heraclitus
- He thought that
everything in the
universe is a change,
All things are in the
way of becoming
something else.
- Change has order-logos
- Anaxagoras
- Everything in the universe is
an array of “seeds”
- Hybris
- chaotic, violent,
without form,
no-reasonable,
without balance
- Philosophical Questions
- Content
- Sense of Life
- Value of a particular act
- Existential
- They refer to
something
essential for the
individual and for
the whole
humanity
- Moral legitimacy
- Approach
- Critique
- Goes from an affirmation to an interrogation
- Rational
- Based on critical thinking.
- Universal
- Questions related to human condition.
- Abstract
- They use abstract and generic notions with undetermined verbal persons
- Open
- They can be answered from many standpoints
- Sophists
- Protagoras
- “Man is the measure of all things”
- knowledge is in a constant change.
- knowledge was limited only to the
individual itself. The world exists
according to the viewer.
- what the individual saw
existed, and what the individual
did not saw did not existed
- Gorgias
- First “Nothing exists”; second, “If something exists,
then we cannot know it”; third, “If we knew
something we would not be able to communicate it”.
- Dissertation on knowledge based on senses
- We can imagine somethingbut that doesn´t make it real.
- Framework
- Were located in
Greece when
Athens creates an
international
economy involving
all Mediterranean
cities
- Arts evolved enormously leading to a
better understanding of nature, and to the
Sophists (Wiseman) as the first humanists in history.
- first time in history a
democratic political
system is used to govern
- They taught the art of persuasion
- Socrates
- Framework
- Believed in the power of spoken word thus he never wrote anything
- Eristic
- Persuasion
- Trying to win an argument
- Maieutic
- To create new concepts or ideas through questions.
- Socratic Method
- Questioning the knowledge that we had already established as truth,
by asking questions in order to find the real truth about things.
- Dialectics
- Postulation of one thesis, analyzing this thesis and
stating an antithesis, finally establishing a synthesis
- Dialogue
- Is constant search truth using the spoken language as its mean
- Plato and the World of Ideas
- Framework
- Plato said that the universe
was separated in two worlds
- The sensitive world
- The world of forms
- Cavern Myth
- We live in a world of
shadows, controled
by the government,
religion, and media.
- Above the cavern is the world ideas, perfect .
- Concept of Beauty
- Is just an idea
- Utopian Republic
- In which every person
has an specific task and
she/he is an expert in it.
- World of ideas
- Plato observed that
things can´t ever be
made without calification.
- Things are only perfect
in the world of ideas